Tlhaloso ea Turbidity

Turbidity ke phello ea optical e bakoang ke ho kopana ha leseli le likaroloana tse emisitsoeng ka tharollo, hangata e le metsi. Likaroloana tse emisitsoeng, tse kang sediment, letsopa, algae, organic matter le likokoana-hloko tse ling, li hasanya leseli le fetang har'a sampole ea metsi. Ho hasana ha leseli ka likaroloana tse emisitsoeng ka har'a motsoako ona oa metsi ho hlahisa moferefere, o khethollang tekanyo eo leseli le sitisoang ka eona ha le feta lera la metsi. Turbidity ha se index e khethollang ka kotloloho likarolo tse emisitsoeng ka har'a mokelikeli. Ka tsela e sa tobang e bonahatsa mahloriso a likaroloana tse emisitsoeng ka tlhaloso ea phello ea khanya ea leseli ea likaroloana tse emisitsoeng ka tharollo. Ha leseli le hasane le le matla, ho na le moferefere o moholo oa mokelikeli o nang le metsi .
Mokhoa oa ho etsa qeto ea Turbidity
Turbidity ke pontšo ea litšobotsi tsa optical tsa sampole ea metsi 'me e bakoa ke boteng ba lintho tse sa qhibiliheng metsing, tse etsang hore leseli le hasane le ho monya ho e-na le ho feta sampole ea metsi ka tsela e otlolohileng. Ke sesupo se bonahatsang thepa ea tlhaho ea metsi a tlhaho le metsi a nooang. E sebelisoa ho bontša boemo ba ho hlaka kapa ho ferekanngoa ha metsi, 'me ke e' ngoe ea matšoao a bohlokoa ho lekanya boleng ba boleng ba metsi.
Moferefere oa metsi a tlhaho o bakoa ke lintho tse fanyehiloeng tse kang letsopa, letsopa, lintho tse phelang hantle le tse sa pheleng, lintho tse phelang tse 'mala o qhibilihang, le plankton le likokoana-hloko tse ling metsing. Lintho tsena tse emisitsoeng li ka adsorb libaktheria le livaerase, kahoo turbidity e tlase e thusa ho thibela likokoana-hloko ho bolaea libaktheria le likokoana-hloko, tse hlokahalang ho netefatsa polokeho ea metsi. Ka hona, phepelo ea metsi e bohareng e nang le maemo a phethahetseng a tekheniki e lokela ho loanela ho fana ka metsi a nang le moferefere o tlase kamoo ho ka khonehang. Moferefere oa metsi a fektheri o tlaase, o leng molemo ho fokotsa monko le tatso ea metsi a chlorine; ho thusa ho thibela ho ikatisa ha libaktheria le likokoana-hloko tse ling. Ho boloka moferefere o tlase tsamaisong eohle ea kabo ea metsi ho rata ho ba teng ha palo e nepahetseng ea masala a chlorine.
The turbidity ea metsi a pompo e lokela ho hlahisoa ka yuniti e hasaneng ea turbidity NTU, e sa lokelang ho feta 3NTU, 'me ha ea lokela ho feta 5NTU tlas'a maemo a khethehileng. Ho senyeha ha metsi a mangata a sebetsang le hona ho bohlokoa. Limela tsa lino-mapholi, litsi tse lokisang lijo, le litsi tse hloekisang metsi tse sebelisang metsi a ka holim'a metsi, hangata li itšetlehile ka ho kopanya, ho qhibiliha, le ho sefa ho netefatsa sehlahisoa se khotsofatsang.
Ho thata ho ba le kamano pakeng tsa turbidity le bongata ba lintho tse emisitsoeng, hobane boholo, sebopeho, le index ea refractive ea likaroloana le tsona li ama thepa ea optical ea ho emisoa. Ha u lekanya turbidity, lisebelisoa tsohle tsa glassware tse amanang le sampuli li lokela ho bolokoa maemong a hloekileng. Ka mor'a ho hloekisa ka hydrochloric acid kapa surfactant, hlatsoa ka metsi a hloekileng 'me u tšolle metsi. Mehlala e ile ea nkoa ka linkho tsa khalase tse nang le li-stoppers. Ka mor'a ho etsa sampole, likaroloana tse ling tse emisitsoeng li ka fokotseha 'me tsa hoama ha li behiloe,' me li ke ke tsa tsosolosoa ka mor'a botsofali, 'me likokoana-hloko li ka boela tsa senya thepa ea lintho tse tiileng, kahoo e lokela ho lekanyetsoa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang. Haeba polokelo e hlokahala, e lokela ho qoba ho kopana le moea, 'me e lokela ho behoa ka kamoreng e batang e lefifi, empa e se ke ea feta 24h. Haeba sampole e bolokiloe sebakeng se batang, khutlela mochesong oa kamore pele o lekanya.
Hona joale, mekhoa e latelang e sebelisoa ho lekanya ho hlaka ha metsi:
(1) Mofuta oa phetisetso (ho kenyeletsoa spectrophotometer le mokhoa oa pono): Ho ea ka molao oa Lambert-Beer, moferefere oa sampole ea metsi o khethoa ke matla a leseli le fetisoang, le logarithm e mpe ea turbidity ea sampole ea metsi le leseli. transmittance ke ka mokgwa wa Linear kamano, e phahameng ea turbidity, e ka tlaase ho fetisa khanya. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la tšitiso ea 'mala o mosehla metsing a tlhaho, metsi a matša le matamo a boetse a na le lintho tsa tlhaho tse monyang khanya tse kang algae, tse sitisang le tekanyo. Khetha bolelele ba 680rim ho qoba tšitiso e mosehla le botala.
(2) Ho hasanya turbidimeter: Ho latela mokhoa oa Rayleigh (Rayleigh) (Ir/Io = KD, h ke matla a khanya e hasaneng, 10 ke matla a mahlaseli a motho), lekanya matla a leseli le hasaneng ka lehlakoreng le itseng ho fihlela katleho. ho etsa qeto ea lisampole tsa metsi sepheo sa moferefere. Ha leseli la ketsahalo le hasanngoa ke likaroloana tse nang le boholo ba karoloana ea 1/15 ho 1/20 ea leqhubu la khanya ea ketsahalo, matla a lumellana le mokhoa oa Rayleigh, le likaroloana tse nang le boholo ba karoloana e kholo ho feta 1/2 ea leqhubu. khanya ea ketsahalo e khantša leseli. Maemo ana a mabeli a ka emeloa ke Ir∝D, 'me leseli le ka lehlakoreng la likhato tse 90 hangata le sebelisoa e le leseli le khethollang ho lekanya moferefere.
(3) Scattering-transmission turbidity meter: sebelisa Ir/It=KD or Ir/(Ir+It)=KD (Ir ke matla a khanya e qhalakaneng, Ke matla a leseli le fetisoang) ho lekanya matla a leseli le fetisoang le kganya e kgantshitseng Le, ho metha moferefere wa sampole. Hobane matla a mabone a fetisoang le a hasaneng a lekantsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe, e na le kutlo e phahameng ka tlas'a matla a khanya a ketsahalo e tšoanang.
Har'a mekhoa e meraro e ka holimo, turbidimeter ea ho hasanya e molemo, e nang le kutloisiso e phahameng, 'me chromaticity ka sampuli ea metsi ha e kena-kenane le tekanyo. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha sesebelisoa le theko e phahameng, ho thata ho e khothalletsa le ho e sebelisa ho G. Mokhoa oa pono o susumetsoa haholo ke ho ipeha tlaase. G Ha e le hantle, tekanyo ea moferefere hangata e sebelisa metara ea ho qhalakanya. Moferefere oa metsi o bakoa haholo-holo ke likaroloana tse kang sediment ka metsing, 'me matla a leseli le hasaneng a feta a leseli le monyelitsoeng. Ka hona, metara ea turbidity ea ho hasanya e na le kutloelo-bohloko ho feta metara ea phetiso ea turbidity. Mme hobane turbidimeter ea mofuta oa ho hasanya e sebelisa leseli le lesoeu joalo ka mohloli oa leseli, tekanyo ea sampole e haufi le 'nete, empa chromaticity e kena-kenana le tekanyo.
The turbidity e lekantsoe ka mokhoa oa ho metha khanya e hasaneng. Ho latela maemo a ISO 7027-1984, meter ea turbidity e fihlelang litlhoko tse latelang e ka sebelisoa:
(1) Wavelength λ ea leseli la ketsahalo ke 860nm;
(2) Ketsahalo ea spectral bandwidth △λ e tlase kapa e lekana le 60nm;
(3) Leseli la ketsahalo e tšoanang ha le khelohe, 'me sepheo leha e le sefe ha se fete 1.5 °;
(4) Lehlakore la tekanyo θ pakeng tsa axis ea optical ea leseli la ketsahalo le axis ea optical ea leseli le hasaneng ke 90±25°.
(5) Lehlakore la ho bula ωθ metsing ke 20°～30°.
le tlaleho e laetsoeng ea liphetho tsa likarolo tsa formazin turbidity
① Ha turbidity e le ka tlase ho 1 formazin scattering unit of turbidity, e nepahetse ho 0.01 formazin scattering unit turbidity;
②Ha turbidity e le 1-10 formazin scattering units, e nepahetse ho 0.1 formazin scattering units turbidity;
③ Ha turbidity e le 10-100 formazin scattering units turbidity, e nepahetse ho 1 formazin scattering unit turbidity;
④ Ha moferefere o le moholo ho feta kapa o lekana le 100 formazin scattering units, e tla nepahala ho isa ho 10 formazin scattering units.
1.3.1 Metsi a se nang leholiotsoana a lokela ho sebelisoa bakeng sa maemo a hlapollo ea metsi kapa lisampole tsa metsi a hlapolotsoeng. Mokhoa oa ho lokisa metsi a se nang moferefere ke ka tsela e latelang: fetisa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka har'a filthara ea membrane e boholo ba pore ea 0.2 μm (lesela la filthara le sebelisetsoang tlhahlobo ea baktheria ha le khone ho fihlela litlhoko), hlatsoa botlolo bakeng sa ho bokelloa ka metsi a tlhotliloeng bonyane. habeli, 'me Lahla 200 ml e latelang. Sepheo sa ho sebelisa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ke ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea lintho tse phelang metsing a hloekileng a ion-exchange ka boikemisetso, le ho fokotsa kholo ea libaktheria metsing a hloekileng.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate le hexamethylenetetramine li ka kenngoa ka har'a silika ea gel desiccator bosiung bo bong pele ho bekha.
1.3.3 Ha mocheso oa karabelo o le ka har'a 12-37 ° C, ha ho na phello e totobetseng molokong oa (formazin) turbidity, 'me ha ho na polymer e entsoeng ha mocheso o ka tlase ho 5 ° C. Ka hona, ho lokisoa ha formazin turbidity standard stock solution ho ka etsoa ka mocheso o tloaelehileng oa kamore. Empa mocheso oa karabelo o tlase, ho emisoa ho kenngoa habonolo ke likhalase tsa khalase, 'me mocheso o phahame haholo, o ka etsang hore boleng bo tloaelehileng ba turbidity bo theohe. Ka hona, mocheso oa sebopeho sa formazin o laoloa hantle ho 25±3°C. Nako ea karabelo ea hydrazine sulfate le hexamethylenetetramine e ne e batla e phethoa ka lihora tsa 16, 'me moferefere oa sehlahisoa o fihlile ka holimo ka mor'a lihora tse 24 tsa karabelo,' me ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa lihora tse 24 le 96. the
1.3.4 Bakeng sa ho thehoa ha formazin, ha pH ea tharollo ea metsi e le 5.3-5.4, likaroloana li na le sebopeho sa lesale, li ntle ebile li tšoana; ha pH e ka ba 6.0, likaroloana li ntle ebile li teteaneng ka mokhoa oa lipalesa tsa lehlaka le lipalesa; Ha pH e le 6.6, ho thehoa likaroloana tse kholo, tse mahareng le tse nyenyane tse kang lehloa.
1.3.5 Tharollo e tloaelehileng e nang le turbidity ea likhato tse 400 e ka bolokoa khoeli e le 'ngoe (esita le halofo ea selemo ka sehatsetsing),' me tharollo e tloaelehileng e nang le turbidity ea likhato tse 5-100 e ke ke ea fetoha ka hare ho beke.