62.Mekhoa ea ho lekanya cyanide ke efe?
Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho hlahloba cyanide ke volumetric titration le spectrophotometry. GB7486-87 le GB7487-87 ka ho latellana li hlalosa mekhoa ea boikemisetso ea kakaretso ea cyanide le cyanide. Mokhoa oa "volumetric titration" o loketse ho hlahlojoa ha li-samples tsa metsi a cyanide a phahameng, a nang le tekanyo ea tekanyo ea 1 ho 100 mg / L; mokhoa oa spectrophotometric o kenyelletsa mokhoa oa isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric le mokhoa oa arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric. E loketse tlhahlobo ea lisampole tsa metsi a cyanide a tlaase-concentration, ka tekanyo ea tekanyo ea 0.004 ~ 0.25mg/L.
Molao-motheo oa titration ea volumetric ke ho titrate ka tharollo e tloaelehileng ea silevera ea nitrate. Li-ion tsa cyanide le silevera ea nitrate li hlahisa li-ion tse rarahaneng tsa silevera ea cyanide. Li-ion tsa silevera tse feteletseng li arabela ka tharollo ea silver chloride indicator, 'me tharollo e fetoha ho tloha mosehla ho ea ho o mofubelu oa lamunu. Molao-motheo oa spectrophotometry ke hore tlas'a maemo a sa nke lehlakore, cyanide e sebetsana le chloramine T ho etsa cyanogen chloride, eo ka nako eo e kopanang le apyridine ho etsa glutenedialdehyde, e sebetsanang le apyridinone kapa barbine Tomic acid e hlahisa dae e putsoa kapa e khubelu-pherese, le botebo ba dae. 'mala o lekana le litaba tsa cyanide.
Ho na le lintlha tse ling tsa tšitiso litekanyong tsa titration le spectrophotometry, 'me mehato ea pele ho kalafo joalo ka ho eketsa lik'hemik'hale tse itseng le pre-distillation hangata lia hlokahala. Ha motsoako oa lintho tse sitisang o se o moholo haholo, morero o ka finyelloa feela ka pre-distillation.
63. Litlhokomelo tsa ho lekanya cyanide ke life?
⑴Cyanide e chefo haholo, 'me arsenic le eona e chefo. Tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e tlameha ho sebelisoa nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo, 'me e tlameha ho etsoa ka har'a mosi ho qoba tšoaetso ea letlalo le mahlo. Ha mahloriso a lintho tse sitisang ka sampole ea metsi ha a kholo haholo, cyanide e bonolo e fetoloa hydrogen cyanide 'me e lokolloa metsing ka pre-distillation tlas'a maemo a acidic, ebe e bokelloa ka tharollo ea ho hlatsoa sodium hydroxide, ebe e bonolo. cyanide e fetoloa hydrogen cyanide. Khetholla cyanide e bonolo ho cyanide e rarahaneng, eketsa mahloriso a cyanide le moeli o tlase oa ho lemoha.
⑵ Haeba bongata ba lintho tse sitisang lisampole tsa metsi bo batla bo le boholo, mehato e nepahetseng e lokela ho nkuoa pele ho felisa litlamorao tsa bona. Boteng ba li-oxidants bo tla senya cyanide. Haeba u belaela hore ho na le li-oxidants ka metsing, u ka eketsa palo e loketseng ea sodium thiosulfate ho felisa tšitiso ea eona. Mehlala ea metsi e lokela ho bolokoa ka libotlolong tsa polyethylene 'me e hlahlojoe nakong ea lihora tse 24 kamora ho bokelloa. Haeba ho hlokahala, tharollo e tiileng ea sodium hydroxide kapa concentrated sodium hydroxide e lokela ho eketsoa ho eketsa boleng ba pH ea sampole ea metsi ho 12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ Nakong ea acidic distillation, sulfide e ka fetoha mouoane ka sebōpeho sa hydrogen sulfide 'me ea monngoa ke mokelikeli oa alkali, kahoo e tlameha ho tlosoa esale pele. Ho na le mekhoa e 'meli ea ho tlosa sebabole. E 'ngoe ke ho eketsa oxidant e ke keng ea oxidize CN- (e kang potassium permanganate) tlas'a maemo a acidic ho oxidize S2- ebe o e senya; e 'ngoe ke ho eketsa palo e loketseng ea CdCO3 kapa CbCO3 phofo e tiileng ho hlahisa tšepe. The sulfide precipitate, 'me precipitate e tlhotliloeng ebe distilled.
⑷Nakong ea acidic distillation, lintho tse mafura le tsona li ka fetoha mouoane. Ka nako ena, o ka sebelisa (1+9) acetic acid ho lokisa pH boleng ba sampole ea metsi ho 6 ~ 7, ebe o eketsa kapele 20% ea molumo oa sampole ea metsi ho hexane kapa chloroform. Ntša (eseng makhetlo a mangata), ebe hang-hang sebelisa tharollo ea sodium hydroxide ho phahamisa boleng ba pH ea sampole ea metsi ho 12 ~ 12.5 ebe u e tšela.
⑸ Nakong ea acidic distillation ea lisampole tsa metsi tse nang le likhase tse ngata tsa carbonate, carbon dioxide e tla lokolloa 'me e bokelloe ke tharollo ea ho hlatsoa sodium hydroxide, e amang liphello tsa tekanyo. Ha o kopana le likhoerekhoere tsa carbonate tse phahameng haholo, calcium hydroxide e ka sebelisoa sebakeng sa sodium hydroxide ho lokisa sampole ea metsi, e le hore boleng ba pH ba sampole ea metsi bo nyolohele ho 12 ~ 12.5 mme kamora ho na pula, supernatant e tšeloa ka botlolong ea sampole. .
⑹ Ha u lekanya cyanide u sebelisa photometry, boleng ba pH ba tharollo ea karabelo bo ama ka kotloloho boleng ba monko oa 'mala. Ka hona, khatello ea alkaline ea tharollo ea ho monya e tlameha ho laoloa ka thata 'me matla a buffer a phosphate buffer a tlameha ho eloa hloko. Kamora ho kenyelletsa palo e itseng ea buffer, ho lokela ho lefshoa ho fumana hore na mofuta o nepahetseng oa pH o ka fihlelleha. Ho feta moo, ka mor'a hore sehlaseli sa phosphate se lokisoe, boleng ba pH ba eona bo tlameha ho lekanngoa ka meter ea pH ho bona hore na e finyella litlhoko tsa ho qoba ho kheloha ho hoholo ka lebaka la li-reagents tse sa hloekang kapa boteng ba metsi a kristale.
⑺Phetoho ea chlorine e fumanehang ea ammonium chloride T le eona ke sesosa se atileng sa ho etsa qeto e fosahetseng ea cyanide. Ha ho se na nts'etsopele ea 'mala kapa nts'etsopele ea' mala ha e na moeli 'me kutloisiso e tlaase, ho phaella ho kheloha ho boleng ba pH ea tharollo, hangata e amana le boleng ba ammonium chloride T. Ka hona, lihlahisoa tse teng tsa chlorine. Ammonium chloride T e tlameha ho ba ka holimo ho 11%. Haeba e se e bolile kapa e na le pula e litšila ka mor'a ho lokisoa, e ke ke ea sebelisoa hape.
64.Biophase ke eng?
Ts'ebetsong ea kalafo ea aerobic bioloji, ho sa tsotelehe sebopeho le ts'ebetso, lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila li na le oxidation le ho bola ho ba ntho e sa tsitsang ka ts'ebetso ea metabolism ea sludge le biofilm microorganisms ts'ebetsong ea kalafo. Kahoo metsi a litšila a hloekisoa. Boleng ba mokelikeli o hloekisitsoeng o amana le mofuta, bongata le ts'ebetso ea metabolism ea likokoana-hloko tse etsang seretse se kentsoeng le biofilm. Moralo le taolo ea ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea meaho ea ho hloekisa metsi a litšila haholo-holo ke ho fana ka boemo bo betere ba tikoloho bakeng sa li-microorganisms tsa sludge le biofilm tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong e le hore li ka sebelisa matla a tsona a metabolic.
Ts'ebetsong ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea metsi a litšila, likokoana-hloko ke sehlopha se pharaletseng: sludge e kentsoeng e entsoe ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea likokoana-hloko, 'me likokoana-hloko tse fapa-fapaneng li tlameha ho sebelisana' me li lule sebakeng se leka-lekaneng sa tikoloho. Mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko e na le melao ea eona ea kholo tsamaisong ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko. Ka mohlala, ha lintho tse phelang li le ngata, libaktheria tse jang lintho tse phelang ke tsona tse ka sehloohong 'me ka tlhaho li na le likokoana-hloko tse ngata ka ho fetisisa. Ha palo ea libaktheria e le khōlō, protozoa e jang libaktheria e tla hlaha ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, ebe ho tla hlaha micrometazoa e jang libaktheria le protozoa.
Mokhoa oa ho hola oa likokoana-hloko ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng se thusa ho utloisisa boleng ba metsi a ts'ebetso ea ho hloekisa metsi a litšila ka microbial microscopy. Haeba palo e kholo ea li-flagellate e fumanoa nakong ea tlhahlobo ea microscopic, ho bolela hore ho bokellana ha lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila ho ntse ho le holimo 'me ho hlokahala phekolo e eketsehileng; ha li-ciliate tsa ho sesa li fumanoa nakong ea tlhahlobo ea microscopic, ho bolela hore metsi a litšila a 'nile a tšoaroa ka tekanyo e itseng; ha li-ciliate tsa sessile li fumanoa tlas'a tlhahlobo ea microscopic, Ha palo ea li-ciliates tsa ho sesa e nyenyane, ho bolela hore ho na le lintho tse fokolang haholo tsa lintho tse phelang le libaktheria tse sa lefelloeng metsing a litšila, 'me metsi a litšila a haufi le a tsitsitseng; ha li-rotifer li fumanoa tlas'a microscope, ho bolela hore boleng ba metsi bo batla bo tsitsitse.
65.Biographic microscopy ke eng? mosebetsi ke ofe?
Biophase microscopy ka kakaretso e ka sebelisoa feela ho hakanya boemo bo akaretsang ba boleng ba metsi. Ke teko ea boleng 'me e ke ke ea sebelisoa e le sesupo sa taolo bakeng sa boleng ba litšila tse tsoang litsing tsa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila. E le ho hlokomela liphetoho tse hlahang ho microfauna, ho bala kamehla hoa hlokahala.
Seretse se kentsoeng le biofilm ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila. Khōlo, ho ikatisa, mesebetsi ea metabolism ea likokoana-hloko ka har'a seretse le tatelano pakeng tsa mefuta ea likokoana-hloko li ka bonahatsa ka ho toba boemo ba phekolo. Ha ho bapisoa le boikemisetso ba lintho tse phelang le lintho tse chefo, biophase microscopy e bonolo haholoanyane. U ka utloisisa liphetoho le kholo ea baahi le ho fokotseha ha protozoa ka seretse se kentsoeng ka nako efe kapa efe, 'me kahoo u ka ahlola esale pele tekanyo ea tlhoekiso ea likhoerekhoere kapa boleng ba metsi a kenang. le hore na maemo a ts'ebetso a tloaelehile. Ka hona, ntle le ho sebelisa mekhoa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ho lekanya thepa ea sludge e kentsoeng, u ka boela ua sebelisa microscope ho shebella morphology ea motho ka mong, motsamao oa kholo le palo e lekanang ea likokoana-hloko ho ahlola ts'ebetso ea phekolo ea metsi a litšila, e le ho lemoha ntho e sa tloaelehang. maemo pele le ho nka mehato e nakong. Mehato e nepahetseng e lokela ho nkoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea sesebelisoa sa phekolo le ho ntlafatsa phello ea phekolo.
66. Re lokela ho ela hloko eng ha re sheba lintho tse phelang tlas’a maemo a tlaase?
Keletso e tlase ke ho sheba setšoantšo se felletseng sa mokhahlelo oa baeloji. Ela hloko boholo ba floc ea sludge, ho tiea ha sebopeho sa sludge, karolo ea baktheria jelly le libaktheria tsa filamentous le boemo ba ho hōla, 'me u tlalehe le ho etsa litlhaloso tse hlokahalang. . Li-sludge tse nang le li-flocs tse kholo tsa sludge li na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho lokisa le ho hanyetsa ka matla ho ts'usumetso e phahameng ea mojaro.
Li-sludge flocs li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro ho latela bophara ba tsona: li-sludge flocs tse bophara ba bophara> 500 μm li bitsoa sludge e kholo,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Thepa ea li-sludge flocs e bua ka sebopeho, sebopeho, ho tiea ha li-sludge flocs le palo ea libaktheria tsa filamentous ka har'a seretse. Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea microscopic, li-sludge flocs tse batlang li pota-potile li ka bitsoa li-round flocs, 'me tse fapaneng ka ho feletseng le sebopeho se chitja li bitsoa li-floc tse sa tloaelehang.
Li-voids tsa marang-rang li-flocs tse amanang le ho emisoa ka ntle ho lihlopha li bitsoa mehaho e bulehileng, 'me tse se nang li-voids tse bulehileng li bitsoa mehaho e koetsoeng. Libaktheria tsa micelle ka har'a lihlopha li hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa o teteaneng, 'me tse nang le meeli e hlakileng pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa floc le ho emisa ka ntle li bitsoa li-tight flocs, ha tse nang le metse e sa hlakang li bitsoa loose flocs.
Boikoetliso bo pakile hore li-flocs tse chitja, tse koetsoeng, le tse kopaneng li bonolo ho hokahana le ho tsepamisa maikutlo, 'me li na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho rarolla. Ho seng joalo, ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa e fokola.
67. Re lokela ho ela hloko eng ha re sheba lintho tse phelang tlas’a bophahamo bo phahameng?
Ha u sheba ka kholo e phahameng, u ka bona ho ea pele litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa liphoofolo tse nyane. Ha u shebile, u lokela ho ela hloko ponahalo le sebopeho sa ka hare sa liphoofolo tse nyenyane, tse kang hore na ho na le lisele tsa lijo 'meleng oa liboko tsa tšepe, ho sisinyeha ha li-ciliate, joalo-joalo Ha u shebella lihlopha tsa jelly, tlhokomelo e lokela ho lefshoa. botenya le 'mala oa jelly, karolo ea li-jelly clumps tse ncha, joalo-joalo Ha u sheba libaktheria tsa filamentous, ela hloko hore na ho na le lintho tsa lipid le likaroloana tsa sebabole tse bokelletsoeng ka baktheria ea filamentous. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ela hloko tlhophiso, sebopeho le litšobotsi tsa motsamao oa lisele tsa baktheria ea filamentous ho qala ho ahlola mofuta oa libaktheria tsa filamentous (tsebiso e eketsehileng ea libaktheria tsa filamentous). mefuta e hloka ts'ebeliso ea lense ea oli le ho silafatsoa ha lisampole tse kentsoeng tsa seretse).
68. Joang ho arola likokoana-hloko tsa filamentous nakong ea ho shebella mohato oa likokoana-hloko?
Likokoana-hloko tse nang le filamentous sludge tse sebetsang li kenyelletsa libaktheria tsa filamentous, fungus ea filamentous, algae ea filamentous (cyanobacteria) le lisele tse ling tse hokahaneng le ho theha thalli ea filamentous. Har'a tsona, libaktheria tsa filamentous ke tsona tse atileng haholo. Hammoho le libaktheria tse sehlopheng sa colloidal, E etsa karolo ea mantlha ea floc ea sludge e kentsoeng. Libaktheria tsa filamentous li na le bokhoni bo matla ba ho oxidize le ho senya lintho tse phelang. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la sebaka se seholo se khethehileng sa libaktheria tsa filamentous, ha libaktheria tse nang le filamentous ka har'a sludge li feta boima ba jelly ea baktheria 'me li laola khōlo, libaktheria tsa filamentous li tla tloha floc ho ea sludge. Katoloso ea kantle e tla sitisa momahano lipakeng tsa li-flocs le ho eketsa boleng ba SV le boleng ba SVI ba seretse. Maemong a matla, e tla baka ho atolosoa ha seretse. Ka hona, palo ea libaktheria tsa filamentous ke eona ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e amang ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa seretse.
Ho ea ka karo-karolelano ea libaktheria tsa filamentous ho libaktheria tsa gelatinous sludge e kentsoeng, libaktheria tsa filamentous li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse hlano: ①00 - hoo e batlang e se na libaktheria tsa filamentous sludge; ②± grade - ho na le palo e nyenyane ea libaktheria tse se nang filamentous ka har'a seretse. Kereiti ③+ - Ho na le palo e mahareng ea libaktheria tsa filamentous ka har'a seretse, 'me palo eohle e tlase ho feta libaktheria tse boima ba jelly; Kereiti ④++ - Ho na le palo e kholo ea libaktheria tsa filamentous sludge, 'me kakaretso e batla e lekana le libaktheria tse boima ba jelly; ⑤++ Sehlopha - Li-sludge flocs li na le libaktheria tsa filamentous e le skeleton, 'me palo ea libaktheria e feta haholo ea baktheria ea micelle.
69. Ke liphetoho life ho li-microorganisms tse kentsoeng tsa sludge tse lokelang ho eloa hloko nakong ea tlhahlobo ea karolo ea baeloji?
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng sa limela tsa likhoerekhoere tsa litoropo. Ho bonolo ho utloisisa boemo ba seretse se kentsoeng ka ho sheba liphetoho mefuteng ea likokoana-hloko, libopeho, bongata le maemo a motsamao. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la mabaka a boleng ba metsi, likokoana-hloko tse itseng li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa bonoa ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng sa liindasteri tse hloekisang metsi a litšila,' me ho ka 'na ha se ke ha e-ba le liphoofolo tse nyenyane ho hang. Ke hore, mekhahlelo ea baeloji ea limela tse fapaneng tsa indasteri ea ho hloekisa metsi a litšila li fapana haholo.
⑴Liphetoho ho mefuta ea likokoana-hloko
Mefuta ea likokoana-hloko tse ka har'a sludge e tla fetoha ka boleng ba metsi le mekhahlelo ea ts'ebetso. Nakong ea ho lema seretse, ha seretse se kentsoeng se ntse se sebetsa butle-butle, metsi a litšila a fetoha ho tloha ho a lerootho ho ea ho a hlakileng, 'me likokoana-hloko tse ka har'a seretse li fetoha khafetsa. Nakong ea ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng, liphetoho mefuteng ea likokoana-hloko tsa sludge li boetse li latela melao e itseng, 'me liphetoho tsa maemo a ts'ebetso li ka nkoa ho tloha liphetohong tsa mefuta ea likokoana-hloko tsa sludge. Ka mohlala, ha mohaho oa seretse o se o hlephile, ho tla ba le li-ciliate tse ngata tsa ho sesa, 'me ha moferefere oa metsi a litšila a ntse a mpefala, li-amoeba le li-flagellate li tla hlaha ka bongata.
⑵Liphetoho maemong a ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko
Ha boleng ba metsi bo fetoha, boemo ba ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko le bona bo tla fetoha, esita le sebōpeho sa likokoana-hloko se tla fetoha ka liphetoho tsa metsi a litšila. Ho nka mohlala oa li-bellworms, lebelo la ho tsubella ha cilia, bongata ba lipululana tsa lijo tse bokelletsoeng 'meleng, boholo ba li-bubble tsa telescopic le libopeho tse ling kaofela li tla fetoha ka liphetoho tikolohong ea kholo. Ha oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing e phahame haholo kapa e le tlaase haholo, hangata vacuole e tla tsoa hloohong ea seboko sa tšepe. Ha ho e-na le lintho tse ngata tse hanyetsang metsing a kenang kapa mocheso o le tlase haholo, li-clockworms li tla fetoha tse sa sebetseng, 'me likaroloana tsa lijo li ka bokelloa 'meleng ea tsona, e leng se tla qetella se lebisa lefung la likokoanyana ka chefo. Ha boleng ba pH bo fetoha, cilia e 'meleng oa clockworm e khaotsa ho sisinyeha.
⑶Ho fetoha ha palo ea likokoana-hloko
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng, empa liphetoho palong ea likokoana-hloko tse itseng li ka boela tsa bontša liphetoho tsa boleng ba metsi. Ka mohlala, libaktheria tsa filamentous li molemo haholo ha li le teng ka tekanyo e nepahetseng nakong ea ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng, empa boteng ba tsona bo bongata bo tla lebisa ho fokotseha ha bongata ba jelly ea baktheria, ho atolosoa ha seretse le boleng bo bobe ba metsi a litšila. Ho hlaha ha li-flagellate ka har'a sludge e sebetsang ho bontša hore seretse se qala ho hōla le ho ikatisa, empa ho eketseha ha palo ea li-flagellate hangata ke pontšo ea ho fokotsa katleho ea phekolo. Ponahalo ea palo e kholo ea li-bellworms hangata ke pontšo ea kholo e holileng ea seretse se kentsoeng. Ka nako ena, phello ea phekolo e ntle, 'me palo e nyenyane haholo ea li-rotifers e ka bonoa ka nako e le' ngoe. Haeba palo e kholo ea li-rotifers e hlaha ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng, hangata ho bolela hore seretse sea tsofala kapa se na le oxidized ho feta tekano, 'me ka mor'a moo seretse se ka senyeha' me boleng ba metsi a litšila bo ka senyeha.
Nako ea poso: Dec-08-2023
