Ho hlahloba litsing tsa ho hloekisa likhoerekhoere ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa haholo oa ts'ebetso. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ke motheo oa taolo ea likhoerekhoere. Ka hona, ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ho batla haholo. Ho nepahala ha litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ho tlameha ho netefatsoa ho netefatsa hore ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea tsamaiso e nepahetse ebile e utloahala!
1. Qeto ea tlhoko ea oksijene ea lik'hemik'hale (CODcr)
Tlhokahalo ea oksijene ea lik'hemik'hale: e bolela palo ea oxidant e jeoang ha potassium dichromate e sebelisoa e le oxidant ho phekola lisampole tsa metsi tlas'a asiti e matla le maemo a futhumatsang, yuniti ke mg/L. Naheng ea heso, mokhoa oa potassium dichromate hangata o sebelisoa e le motheo. .
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Tharollong e matla ea asiti, palo e itseng ea potassium dichromate e sebelisoa ho oxidize lintho tse fokotsang sampoleng ea metsi. Potassium dichromate e feteletseng e sebelisoa e le sesupo, 'me tharollo ea ferrous ammonium sulfate e sebelisoa ho khutlela morao. Bala palo ea oksijene e sebelisoang ka ho fokotsa lintho tse ka har'a sampole ea metsi ho latela bongata ba ferrous ammonium sulfate e sebelisitsoeng. .
2. Liletsa
(1) Sesebelisoa sa Reflux: sesebelisoa sa reflux sa likhalase tsohle se nang le 250ml conical flask (haeba molumo oa sampole o feta 30ml, sebelisa sesebelisoa sa reflux sa likhalase tsohle se nang le 500ml conical flask). .
(2) Sesebelisoa sa ho futhumatsa: poleiti ea ho futhumatsa ea motlakase kapa sebōpi sa motlakase se feto-fetohang. .
(3) 50ml acid e titrant. .
3. Li-reagents
(1) Potassium dichromate standard solution (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) Beha boima ba 12.258g ea pure potassium dichromate e tloaelehileng kapa ea boemo bo holimo e omisitsoeng ka 120°C ka lihora tse 2, e qhale ka metsing, ebe u e fetisetsa botlolo ea volumetric ea 1000ml. Hlatsoa ho letšoao mme u sisinye hantle. .
(2) Tharollo ea tlhahlobo ea ferrousin indicator: Beha boima ba 1.485g ea phenanthroline, qhala 0.695g ea ferrous sulfate metsing, hlapolla ho 100ml, 'me u boloke ka botlolo e sootho. .
(3) Ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution: Beha boima ba 39.5g ea ferrous ammonium sulfate ebe u e qhala ka metsing. Ha u ntse u hlohlelletsa, butle-butle eketsa 20ml ea concentrated sulfuric acid. Ka mor'a ho pholile, e fetisetsa ho 1000ml volumetric flask, eketsa metsi ho hlapolla letšoao, 'me u sisinyehe hantle. Pele o sebelisoa, lokisa tharollo e tloaelehileng ea potassium dichromate. .
Mokhoa oa ho lekanya: Monya ka nepo 10.00ml potassium dichromate standard solution le 500ml Erlenmeyer flask, eketsa metsi ho hlapolla hoo e ka bang 110ml, butle-butle eketsa 30ml concentrated sulfuric acid, 'me u kopanye. Kamora ho pholile, eketsa marotholi a mararo a tharollo ea ferroline indicator (hoo e ka bang 0.15ml) le titrate ka ferrous ammonium sulfate. 'Mala oa tharollo o fetoha ho tloha mosehla ho ea ho o moputsoa-botala ho ea bofubelu bo bofubelu mme ke ntlha ea ho qetela. .
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
Ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, c-e leng motsoako oa ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution (mol/L); V-tekanyo ea ferrous ammonium sulfate standard titration solution (ml). .
(4) Tharollo ea sulfuric acid-silver sulfate: Eketsa 25g ea silevera ea sulfate ho 2500ml ea concentrated sulfuric acid. E tlohele matsatsi a 1-2 'me u e sisinye nako le nako ho qhibiliha (haeba ho se na setshelo sa 2500ml, eketsa 5g silver sulfate ho 500ml concentrated sulfuric acid). .
(5) Mercury sulfate: kristale kapa phofo. .
4. Lintho tseo u lokelang ho li ela hloko
(1) Boholo ba li-ion tsa chloride tse ka kopanngoang ho sebelisoa 0.4g ea mercury sulfate li ka fihla ho 40mL. Mohlala, haeba ho nkuoa sampole ea metsi ea 20.00mL, e ka kopanya sampole ea metsi ka bongata ba chloride ion concentration ea 2000mg/L. Haeba motsoako oa chloride ion o le tlase, o ka eketsa mercury sulfate e nyane ho boloka mercury sulfate:chloride ion = 10:1 (W/W). Haeba palo e nyane ea mercury chloride e theoha, ha e ame tekanyo. .
(2) Bophahamo ba ho tlosa sampole ea metsi bo ka ba boholo ba 10.00-50.00mL, empa tekanyo ea reagent le mahloriso li ka fetoloa ka nepo ho fumana liphetho tse khotsofatsang. .
(3) Bakeng sa disampole tsa metsi tse nang le tlhoko ea lik'hemik'hale ea oksijene e ka tlase ho 50mol/L, e lokela ho ba 0.0250mol/L potassium dichromate standard solution. Ha o rotha ka morao, sebelisa 0.01/L ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution. .
(4) Ka mor'a hore sampole ea metsi e futhumatsoe 'me e khutlisetsoe hape, palo e setseng ea potassium dichromate ka tharollo e lokela ho ba 1/5-4/5 ea chelete e nyenyane e kentsoeng. .
(5) Ha u sebelisa tharollo e tloaelehileng ea potassium hydrogen phthalate ho hlahloba boleng le theknoloji ea ts'ebetso ea reagent, kaha CODCr ea khopolo ka gram ea potassium hydrogen phthalate ke 1.167g, qhala 0.4251L potassium hydrogen phthalate le metsi a mabeli a qhibilihisitsoeng. , e fetisetse ho botlolo ea volumetric ea 1000mL, 'me u hlapolle letšoao ka metsi a phehiloeng habeli ho etsa hore e be tharollo e tloaelehileng ea 500mg/L CODCr. E sa tsoa lokisoa ha e sebelisoa. .
(6) Liphetho tsa tekanyo ea CODCr li lokela ho boloka lipalo tse tharo tsa bohlokoa. .
(7) Tekong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, tharollo e tloaelehileng ea ferrous ammonium sulfate titration e lokela ho lekanyetsoa, 'me ho lokela ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng liphetohong tsa eona ha mocheso oa kamore o le holimo. .
5. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang ka hare le metsi a tsoang ka ntle ka ho lekana. .
(2) Nka li-flasks tse 3 tsa molomo oa fatše tsa Erlenmeyer, tse ngotsoeng 0, 1, le 2; eketsa lifaha tse 6 tsa khalase ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-flask tse 3 tsa Erlenmeyer. .
(3) Kenya 20 ml ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka har'a botlolo ea 0 Erlenmeyer (sebelisa pipette e mafura); eketsa 5 ml ea sampole ea metsi a phepelo ho botlolo ea Erlenmeyer ea No. 1 (sebelisa pipette ea 5 mL, 'me u sebelise metsi a phepelo ho hlatsoa pipette). tube makhetlo a 3), ebe u eketsa 15 mL metsi a silafetseng (sebelisa pipette e mafura); eketsa 20 ml ea sampole ea litšila ho botlolo ea Erlenmeyer ea No. 2 (sebelisa pipette e mafura, hlatsoa pipette ka makhetlo a 3 ka metsi a kenang). .
(4) Kenya 10 mL ea potassium dichromate e sa tloaelehang tharollo ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-flask tse 3 tsa Erlenmeyer (sebelisa pipette ea potassium dichromate non-standard solution ea 10 ml, 'me u hlatsoe pipette 3 ka potassium dichromate non-standard solution) Mokhahlelo oa bobeli) . .
(5) Beha li-flasks tsa Erlenmeyer holim'a sebōpi sa elektronike se nang le merero e mengata, ebe u bula phala ea metsi a pompo ho tlatsa tube ea condenser ka metsi (u se ke ua bula pompo e kholo haholo, ho latela phihlelo). .
(6) Eketsa 30 mL ya silifera sa sulfate (sebedisa 25 mL selindara se senyane sa ho metha) ka hara diflask tse tharo tsa Erlenmeyer ho tloha karolong e ka hodimo ya tube ya condenser, ebe o sisinya diflask tse tharo tsa Erlenmeyer ka ho lekana. .
(7) Hokela sebōpi sa elektroniki se nang le merero e mengata, qala ho beha nako ho tloha ho belisoa, 'me u chese lihora tse peli. .
(8) Ka mor'a hore ho futhumatsa ho phethoe, tlosa sebōpi sa elektronike se nang le merero e mengata 'me u se lumelle hore se phole ka nako e itseng (nako e kae e itšetlehile ka phihlelo). .
(9) Eketsa 90 mL ea metsi a silafetseng ho tloha karolong e ka holimo ea tube ea condenser ho ea ho li-flasks tse tharo tsa Erlenmeyer (mabaka a ho eketsa metsi a silafetseng: 1. Eketsa metsi a tsoang ka har'a tube ea condenser ho lumella sampuli ea metsi a setseng leboteng le ka hare la condenser. tube ho phalla ka har'a botlolo ea Erlenmeyer nakong ea ho futhumatsa ho fokotsa liphoso. .
(10) Kamora ho eketsa metsi a silafetseng, mocheso o tla lokolloa. Tlosa botlolo ea Erlenmeyer 'me ue pholile. .
(11) Ka mor'a ho pholile ka ho feletseng, eketsa marotholi a 3 a ferrous indicator ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-flask tse tharo tsa Erlenmeyer, ebe u sisinya li-flask tse tharo tsa Erlenmeyer ka ho lekana. .
(12) Titrate ka ferrous ammonium sulfate. 'Mala oa tharollo o fetoha ho tloha mosehla ho ea ho o moputsoa-botala ho ea bofubelu bo bofubelu e le ntlha ea ho qetela. (Ela hloko tšebeliso ea li-burette tse itekanetseng ka ho feletseng. Ka mor'a ho ngoloa, hopola ho bala le ho phahamisa boemo ba mokelikeli oa freette ea othomathike ho ea boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa pele u fetela ho titration e latelang). .
(13) Ngola lipalo 'me u bale liphetho. .
2. Qeto ea tlhoko ea oksijene ea biochemical (BOD5)
Likhoerekhoere tsa ka tlung le metsi a litšila a indasteri a na le mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang. Ha li silafatsa metsi, lintho tsena tse phelang li tla ja oksijene e ngata e qhibilihisitsoeng ha li bola ka metsing, kahoo li senya tekanyo ea oksijene 'meleng oa metsi le ho senya boleng ba metsi. Ho haella ha oksijene metsing ho baka lefu la litlhapi le lintho tse ling tse phelang metsing. .
Sebopeho sa lintho tse phelang tse ka metsing li rarahane, 'me ho thata ho tseba likarolo tsa tsona ka bonngoe. Hangata batho ba sebelisa oksijene e sebelisoang ke lintho tse phelang metsing tlas'a maemo a itseng ho emela ka mokhoa o sa tobang litaba tsa lintho tse phelang metsing. Tlhokahalo ea oksijene ea biochemical ke sesupo sa bohlokoa sa mofuta ona. .
Mokhoa oa khale oa ho lekanya tlhoko ea oksijene ea biochemical ke mokhoa oa dilution inoculation. .
Mehlala ea metsi bakeng sa ho lekanya tlhoko ea oksijene ea biochemical e lokela ho tlatsoa le ho koaloa ka libotlolong ha e bokelloa. Boloka ka likhato tse 0-4 tsa Celsius. Ka kakaretso, tlhahlobo e lokela ho etsoa nakong ea lihora tse 6. Haeba ho hlokahala lipalangoang tsa sebaka se selelele. Leha ho le joalo, nako ea polokelo ha ea lokela ho feta lihora tse 24. .
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Tlhokahalo ea oksijene ea biochemical e bolela palo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng e sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea biochemical ea likokoana-hloko tse senyang lintho tse itseng tse nang le oxidizable, haholo-holo lintho tse phelang, ka metsing tlas'a maemo a itseng. Ts'ebetso eohle ea bioloji oxidation e nka nako e telele. Mohlala, ha o hlahisitsoe ka likhato tse 20 tsa Celsius, ho nka matsatsi a fetang 100 ho phethela tšebetso. Hajoale, ka kakaretso ho laeloa lapeng le kantle ho naha ho elama matsatsi a 5 ho 20 mmoho kapa ho tlosa likhato tse 1 tsa Celsius, le ho lekanya oksijene e qhibilihileng ea sampole pele le ka mor'a ho fuama. Phapang pakeng tsa tse peli ke boleng ba BOD5, bo hlalositsoeng ka milligrams / litha e le nngwe ea oksijene. .
Bakeng sa metsi a mang a holim'a metsi le metsi a litšila a mangata a indasteri, hobane a na le lintho tse ngata tsa tlhaho, a hloka ho hlapolloa pele ho setso le tekanyo ea ho fokotsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo le ho netefatsa hore oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng e lekaneng. Tekanyo ea ho hlapolla e lokela ho ba hoo oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng e sebelisoang moetlong e fetang 2 mg/L, 'me oksijene e setseng e qhibilihisitsoeng e feta 1 mg/L. .
E le ho etsa bonnete ba hore ho na le oksijene e lekaneng e qhibilihisitsoeng ka mor'a hore sampole ea metsi e hlapolloe, metsi a hlapolotsoeng a atisa ho tšeloa ka moea, e le hore oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a hlapollotsoeng e haufi le ho tlala. Palo e itseng ea limatlafatsi tse sa tsitsang le lintho tse thibelang likokoana-hloko le tsona li lokela ho kenyelletsoa metsing a hlapollotsoeng ho netefatsa kholo ea likokoana-hloko. .
Bakeng sa metsi a litšila a indasteri a nang le likokoana-hloko tse nyenyane kapa tse se nang letho, ho kenyelletsa metsi a litšila a acidic, metsi a litšila a alkaline, metsi a litšila a mocheso o phahameng kapa metsi a litšila a chlorinated, inoculation e lokela ho etsoa ha ho lekanya BOD5 ho hlahisa likokoana-hloko tse ka senyang lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila. Ha ho na le lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila tse thata ho senyeha ke likokoana-hloko ka kakaretso ea likhoerekhoere tsa malapeng ka lebelo le tloaelehileng kapa li na le lintho tse chefo haholo, likokoana-hloko tse ruuoang lapeng li lokela ho kenngoa ka har'a sampole ea metsi bakeng sa ho enteloa. Mokhoa ona o loketse ho etsa qeto ea mehlala ea metsi le BOD5 e kholo ho feta kapa e lekanang le 2mg / L, 'me boholo ha bo fete 6000mg / L. Ha BOD5 ea sampole ea metsi e le kholo ho feta 6000mg/L, liphoso tse itseng li tla etsahala ka lebaka la dilution. .
2. Liletsa
(1) Seqhoqhoa sa mocheso o sa feleng
(2) 5-20L moqotetsane molomo khalase botlolo. .
(3)1000——2000ml silindara ea ho lekanya
4 Letlapa le thata la rabara le bophara bo fokolang ho feta botlaaseng ba silindara ea ho lekanya le likoti tse 'maloa tse nyenyane li tsitsitse ho ea tlaase ho molamu. .
(5) Botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng: pakeng tsa 250ml le 300ml, e nang le sethibelo sa khalase ea fatše le molomo o bōpehileng joaloka tšepe bakeng sa ho tiisa phepelo ea metsi. .
(6) Siphon, e sebelisetsoang ho nka lisampole tsa metsi le ho eketsa metsi a hlapollang. .
3. Li-reagents
(1) Tharollo ea phosphate buffer: Hlakola 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate le 1.7g ammonium chloride metsing ebe o hlapolla ho 1000ml. PH ea tharollo ena e lokela ho ba 7.2
(2) Tharollo ea Magnesium sulfate: Qhala 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ka metsing 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml. .
(3) Tharollo ea calcium chloride: Qhala 27.5% anhydrous calcium chloride metsing ebe o hlapolla ho 1000ml. .
(4) Tharollo ea ferric chloride: Hlakola 0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate ka metsing 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml. .
(5) Tharollo ea Hydrochloric acid: Qhala 40ml hydrochloric acid ka metsing 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml.
(6) Tharollo ea sodium hydroxide: Qhala 20g sodium hydroxide ka metsing ebe o hlapolla ho 1000ml.
(7) Tharollo ea sodium sulfite: Hlakola 1.575g sodium sulfite metsing 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml. Tharollo ena ha ea tsitsa 'me e hloka ho lokisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng. .
(8) Tharollo e tloaelehileng ea Glucose-glutamic acid: Kamora ho omisa tsoekere le asiti ea glutamic ka likhato tse 103 tsa Celsius ka hora, bekha 150ml ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ebe u e qhala ka metsing, e fetisetsa ho 1000ml volumetric flask ebe o hlapolla letšoao, 'me u kopanye ka ho lekana. . Lokisetsa tharollo ena ea maemo pele u e sebelisa. .
9 .
(10) Tharollo ea ho noa: Ka kakaretso, ho sebelisoa likhoerekhoere tsa ka tlung, tse siuoang mochesong oa kamore bosiu le motšehare, 'me ho sebelisoa matla a phahametseng tlhaho. .
(11) Metsi a hlapollang: Nka tekanyo e loketseng ea motsoako oa ente, o e kenye metsing a hlapollang, 'me u kopanye hantle. Palo ea tharollo ea inoculation e ekelitsoeng ka litara e le 'ngoe ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng ke 1-10ml ea likhoerekhoere tsa malapeng; kapa 20-30ml ea exudate ea holim'a mobu; boleng ba pH ba metsi a ente e hlapollang e lokela ho ba 7.2. Boleng ba BOD bo lokela ho ba pakeng tsa 0.3-1.0 mg/L. The inoculation dilution metsi a lokela ho sebelisoa hang ka mor'a ho lokisetsa. .
4. Palo
1. Mela lisampole cultured ka ho toba ntle dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=C1-C2
Ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng: C1——e qhibilihisitsoeng ka bongata ba oksijene ea sampole ea metsi pele ho setso (mg/L);
C2——Motsoako o setseng oa oksijene o qhibilihisitsoeng (mg/L) ka mor’a hore sampole ea metsi e kenngoe ka matsatsi a 5. .
2. Mehlala ea metsi e hlahisitsoeng ka mor'a ho hlapolloa
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng: C1——e qhibilihisitsoeng ka bongata ba oksijene ea sampole ea metsi pele ho setso (mg/L);
C2——E setseng ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng (mg/L) ka mor’a matsatsi a 5 a ho kenngoa ha sampole ea metsi;
B1——Motsoako o qhibilihisitsoeng oa oksijene oa metsi a hlapollotsoeng (kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka inoculation) pele ho setso (mg/L);
B2——Motsoako o qhibilihisitsoeng oa oksijene oa metsi a hlapollotsoeng (kapa metsi a hlapollang ka inoculation) ka mor’a setso (mg/L);
f1——Palo ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng (kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka ente) mecheng ea setso;
f2——Palo ea sampole ea metsi sebakeng sa setso. .
B1——Oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ea metsi a hlapollang pele ho setso;
B2——Oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ea metsi a hlapollang ka mor’a ho lengoa;
f1——Palo ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng sebakeng sa setso;
f2——Palo ea sampole ea metsi sebakeng sa setso. .
Tlhokomeliso: Palo ea f1 le f2: Mohlala, haeba karolelano ea dilution ea mokhoa oa setso e le 3%, ke hore, likarolo tse 3 tsa sampole ea metsi le likarolo tse 97 tsa metsi a hlapollotsoeng, ebe f1=0.97 le f2=0.03. .
5. Lintho tseo u lokelang ho li ela hloko
(1) Ts'ebetso ea bioloji ea oxidation ea lintho tse phelang metsing e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. Mokhahlelo oa pele ke oxidation ea carbon le hydrogen linthong tse phelang ho hlahisa carbon dioxide le metsi. Mokhahlelo ona o bitsoa sethala sa carbonization. Ho nka matsatsi a ka bang 20 ho phethela sethala sa carbonization ka likhato tse 20 tsa Celsius. Mokhahlelong oa bobeli, lintho tse nang le naetrojene le karolo ea naetrojene li kenngoa ka oxidation ho nitrite le nitrate, e bitsoang sethala sa nitrification. Ho nka matsatsi a ka bang 100 ho phethela mohato oa nitrification ka likhato tse 20 tsa Celsius. Ka hona, ha u lekanya BOD5 ea lisampole tsa metsi, nitrification ka kakaretso ha e na thuso kapa ha e etsahale ho hang. Leha ho le joalo, metsi a tsoang ka tanka ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko a na le palo e kholo ea libaktheria tsa nitrifying. Ka hona, ha u metha BOD5, tlhoko ea oksijene ea metsoako e meng e nang le naetrojene e boetse e kenyelelitsoe. Bakeng sa lisampole tse joalo tsa metsi, li-inhibitors tsa nitrification li ka eketsoa ho thibela ts'ebetso ea nitrification. Bakeng sa morero ona, 1 ml ea propylene thiourea e nang le motsoako oa 500 mg/L kapa palo e itseng ea 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine e tsitsitseng sodium chloride e ka eketsoa ho litara e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng ho etsa TCMP sampole e hlapolotsoeng e ka ba 0.5 mg/L. .
(2) Lisebelisoa tsa khalase li lokela ho hloekisoa hantle. Koaha pele 'me u hloekise ka sesepa, ebe u inela ka dilute hydrochloric acid, 'me qetellong u hlatsoe ka metsi a pompo le metsi a hloekisitsoeng. .
(3) Bakeng sa ho lekola boleng ba metsi a hlapollotsoeng le tharollo ea inoculum, hammoho le boemo ba ts'ebetso ea setsebi sa laboratori, hlapolla 20ml ea glucose-glutamic acid e tloaelehileng ka metsi a hlapollo ea ente ho 1000ml, 'me u latele mehato ea ho metha. BOD5. Boleng bo lekantsoeng ba BOD5 bo lokela ho ba lipakeng tsa 180-230mg/L. Ho seng joalo, hlahloba hore na ho na le mathata leha e le afe ka boleng ba tharollo ea inoculum, metsi a dilution kapa mekhoa ea ho sebetsa. .
(4) Ha karolo ea ho hlapolla ea sampole ea metsi e feta makhetlo a 100, e lokela ho hlapolloa pele ka metsi ka botlolong ea volumetric, ebe ho nkuoa chelete e loketseng bakeng sa moetlo oa ho qetela oa ho hlapolla. .
3. Boikemisetso ba lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng (SS)
Lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng li emela palo ea lintho tse tiileng tse sa qhibilihang metsing. .
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Mokokotlo oa tekanyo o hahelletsoe ka hare, 'me ho monya ha sampuli ka bolelele bo itseng ho fetoloa boleng ba mahloriso ba paramethara e lokelang ho lekanngoa,' me e bontšoa skrineng sa LCD. .
2. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang ka hare le metsi a tsoang ka ntle ka ho lekana. .
(2) Nka 1 colorimetric tube 'me u kenye 25 mL ea sampuli ea metsi e kenang, ebe u eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho letšoao (hobane metsi a kenang SS a maholo, haeba a sa hlakoloe, a ka feta moeli o moholo oa moeli o emisitsoeng oa solids tester) , ho etsa hore liphello e be tse sa nepahalang. Ha e le hantle, tekanyo ea sampole ea metsi a kenang ha e tsitsitse. Haeba metsi a kenang a le litšila haholo, nka 10mL 'me u kenye metsi a hloekisitsoeng sekaleng). .
(3) Bulela tester ea solids e emisitsoeng, eketsa metsi a silafetseng ho 2/3 ea lebokose le lenyenyane le tšoanang le cuvette, omisa lebota le ka ntle, tobetsa konopo ea khetho ha u ntse u sisinyeha, ebe u potlakela ho kenya tester ea solids e emisitsoeng ho eona, ebe tobetsa Tobetsa konopo ea ho bala. Haeba e se zero, tobetsa konopo e hlakileng ho hlakola sesebelisoa (lekanya hang feela). .
(4) Lekanya SS ea metsi a kenang: Tšela mohlala oa metsi a kenang ka har'a tube ea colorimetric ka lebokoseng le lenyenyane 'me ue hlatsoe ka makhetlo a mararo, ebe u eketsa sampole ea metsi a kenang ho 2/3, omisa lebota le ka ntle,' me u tobetse konopo ea khetho tsitsinyeho. Ebe u e kenya ka potlako ho tester ea solids e emisitsoeng, ebe o tobetsa konopo ea ho bala, lekanya ka makhetlo a mararo, 'me u bale boleng bo tloaelehileng. .
(5) Lekanya SS ea metsi: Tšoaea sampole ea metsi ka ho lekana 'me u hlatsoe lebokose le lenyenyane ka makhetlo a mararo…(Mokhoa o ts'oana le o kaholimo)
3. Palo
Sephetho sa SS ea metsi a kenang ke: tekanyo ea dilution * e lekantsoeng ea ho bala sampole ea metsi a kenang. Sephetho sa ho tsoa ha metsi SS ke ka kotloloho ho baloa ha sesebelisoa sa sampole ea metsi e lekantsoeng.
4. Boikemisetso ba kakaretso ea phosphorus (TP)
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Tlas'a maemo a acidic, orthophosphate e sebetsana le ammonium molybdate le potassium antimonyl tartrate ho etsa phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, e fokotsoang ke ntho e fokotsang ascorbic acid 'me e fetoha motsoako o moputsoa, hangata o kopantsoe le phosphomolybdenum blue. .
Boikoetliso bo fokolang ba mokhoa ona ke 0.01mg/L (tekanyo e tsamaisanang le ho monya A=0.01); tekanyo e ka holimo ea boikemisetso ke 0.6mg/L. E ka sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea orthophosphate metsing a fatše, likhoerekhoere tsa malapeng le metsi a litšila a indasteri ho tloha lik'hemik'hale tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, menontsha ea phosphate, phekolo ea tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, tšepe, coking le liindasteri tse ling. .
2. Liletsa
Spectrophotometer
3. Li-reagents
(1)1+1 sulfuric acid. .
(2) 10% (m / V) tharollo ea ascorbic acid: Qhala 10g ascorbic acid ka metsing 'me u hlapolle ho 100ml. Tharollo e bolokoa ka botlolo ea khalase e sootho 'me e tsitsitse libeke tse' maloa sebakeng se batang. Haeba 'mala o fetoha mosehla, lahla' me u remix. .
(3) Tharollo ea Molybdate: Qhala 13g ea ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24˙4H2O] ka 100ml ea metsi. Qhala 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] metsing a 100ml. Tlas'a ho tsosoa kamehla, butle-butle eketsa tharollo ea ammonium molybdate ho 300ml (1+1) sulfuric acid, eketsa tharollo ea potassium antimony tartrate 'me u kopanye ka ho lekana. Boloka li-reagents ka libotlolong tsa khalase tse sootho sebakeng se batang. E tsitsitse bonyane likhoeli tse 2. .
(4) Tharollo ea matšeliso a mebala ea Turbidity: Kopanya mefuta e 'meli ea (1+1) ea sulfuric acid le e le 'ngoe ea 10% (m/V) ea motsoako oa ascorbic acid. Tharollo ena e lokiselitsoe ka letsatsi le le leng. .
(5) Phosphate stock solution: Dry potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) ho 110 ° C bakeng sa lihora tsa 2 'me u lumelle ho pholile ka desiccator. Beha boima ba 0.217g, e qhibilihe ka metsing, ebe u e fetisetsa ho 1000ml volumetric flask. Kenya 5ml ea (1+1) sulfuric acid 'me u hlapolle ka metsi ho letšoao. Tharollo ena e na le 50.0ug phosphorus ka mililithara. .
(6) Tharollo e tloaelehileng ea Phosphate: Nka 10.00ml ea tharollo ea phosphate stock ka har'a botlolo ea volumetric ea 250ml, 'me u hlapolle letšoao ka metsi. Tharollo ena e na le 2.00ug phosphorus ka mililithara. E lokiselitsoe ho sebelisoa hang-hang. .
4. Mehato ea ho lekanya (ho nka feela tekanyo ea lisampole tsa metsi a kenang le a ho tsoa e le mohlala)
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang sekoting le sampole ea metsi a tsoang sekoting hantle (sampole ea metsi e nkiloeng letamong la biochemical e lokela ho tsukutloa hantle ebe e siuoa nako e telele ho nka matla a phahametseng tlhaho). .
(2) Nka li-tubes tse 3 tse emisitsoeng, u kenye metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho tube ea pele ea sekala se emisitsoeng moleng o ka holimo oa sekala; eketsa 5mL ea sampole ea metsi ho tube ea bobeli ea sekala se emisitsoeng, ebe u eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng moleng o ka holimo oa sekala; tšupu ea boraro e emisitsoeng sekala sa Brace plug e kentsoeng mangolo
Kenya hydrochloric acid ka lihora tse 2, kapa u hlatsoe ka sesepa se se nang phosphate. .
(3) The cuvette e lokela ho kolobisoa ka ho hlapolla nitric acid kapa chromic acid ho hlatsoa tharollo nakoana ka mor'a ho sebelisoa ho tlosa adsorbed molybdenum blue colorant. .
5. Qeto ea kakaretso ea naetrojene (TN)
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Motsoakong o nang le metsi o ka holimo ho 60°C, potassium persulfate e senyeha ho latela mokhoa o latelang oa ho etsa li-ion tsa haedrojene le oksijene. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Eketsa sodium hydroxide ho fokotsa li-ion tsa hydrogen le ho phethela ho bola ha potassium persulfate. Tlas'a maemo a mahareng a alkaline a 120 ℃-124 ℃, ho sebelisoa potassium sulfate e le oxidant, ha se feela hore ammonia nitrogen le naetrojene ea nitrite e ka har'a sampole ea metsi e ka oxidized ho ba nitrate, empa hape le metsoako e mengata ea naetrojene e ka har'a sampole ea metsi. e be oxidized ka nitrate. Ebe u sebelisa ultraviolet spectrophotometry ho lekanya ho monya ha maqhubu a 220nm le 275nm ka ho latellana, le ho bala ho monya ha naetrojene ea nitrate ho latela mokhoa o latelang: A=A220-2A275 ho bala kakaretso ea naetrojene. Coefficient ea eona ea molar ke 1.47 × 103
2. Ho kena-kenana le ho felisa
(1) Ha sampole ea metsi e na le li-ion tsa chromium tse hexavalent le li-ion tsa ferric, 1-2 ml ea 5% ea tharollo ea hydroxylamine hydrochloride e ka eketsoa ho felisa tšusumetso ea bona tekanyong. .
(2) Li-ion tsa iodide le li-ion tsa bromide li kena-kenana le boikemisetso. Ha ho na tšitiso ha li-ion tsa iodide li le makhetlo a 0.2 ho feta kakaretso ea naetrojene. Ha ho na tšitiso ha li-ion tsa bromide li le makhetlo a 3.4 ho feta kakaretso ea naetrojene. .
(3) Tšusumetso ea carbonate le bicarbonate ka boikemisetso e ka felisoa ka ho eketsa palo e itseng ea hydrochloric acid. .
(4) Sulfate le chloride ha li na phello ho boikemisetso. .
3. Sebaka sa ts'ebeliso ea mokhoa
Mokhoa ona o loketse haholo-holo bakeng sa qeto ea naetrojene e felletseng matšeng, matamo le linōka. Moeli o tlase oa ho lemoha mokhoa ke 0.05 mg / L; tekanyo e ka holimo ea boikemisetso ke 4 mg/L. .
4. Liletsa
(1) UV spectrophotometer. .
(2) Sekoaelo sa khatello ea mouoane kapa seapehi sa khatello ea lelapa. .
(3) Tube ea khalase e nang le setopo le molomo oa fatše. .
5. Li-reagents
(1) Metsi a se nang ammonia, eketsa 0.1ml concentrated sulfuric acid ka litha e le nngwe tsa metsi le distill. Bokella litšila ka har'a setshelo sa khalase. .
(2) 20% (m/V) sodium hydroxide: Ela boima ba 20g ea sodium hydroxide, qhala ka metsing a se nang ammonia, 'me u hlapolle ho 100ml. .
3 Tharollo e bolokoa ka botlolo ea polyethylene mme e ka bolokoa beke e le 'ngoe. .
(4) 1 + 9 hydrochloric acid. .
(5) Tharollo e tloaelehileng ea potassium nitrate: a. Tharollo ea thepa e tloaelehileng: Beha 0.7218g ea potassium nitrate e omisitsoeng ho 105-110 ° C bakeng sa lihora tsa 4, e qhaqha ka metsi a se nang ammonia, 'me ue fetise ho 1000ml volumetric flask ho fetola molumo. Tharollo ena e na le 100 mg ea naetrojene ea nitrate ka ml. Kenya 2ml chloroform joalo ka ntho e sireletsang 'me e tla tsitsa bonyane likhoeli tse 6. b. Tharollo e tloaelehileng ea potassium nitrate: Hlakola tharollo ea stock ka makhetlo a 10 ka metsi a se nang ammonia. Tharollo ena e na le 10 mg ea naetrojene ea nitrate ka ml. .
6. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang ka hare le metsi a tsoang ka ntle ka ho lekana. .
(2) Nka li-tubes tse tharo tsa 25mL tsa colorimetric (hlokomela hore ha se li-colorimetric tubes tse kholo). Eketsa metsi a distilled ho tube ea pele ea colorimetric 'me u e kenye moleng o tlaase oa tekanyo; eketsa 1mL ea sampuli ea metsi a kenang ka har'a tube ea bobeli ea colorimetric, ebe u eketsa metsi a silafetseng moleng o tlaase oa tekanyo; eketsa 2mL ea sampole ea metsi a tsoang ka har'a tube ea boraro ea colorimetric, ebe u eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho eona. Eketsa ho letšoao le tlaase la letšoao. .
(3) Kenya 5 ml ea potassium persulfate ea motheo ho li-tubes tse tharo tsa colorimetric ka ho latellana.
(4) Kenya li-tubes tse tharo tsa colorimetric ka har'a beakeng ea polasetiki, ebe u li futhumatsa ka har'a sehatsetsi sa khatello. Etsa tšilo ea lijo. .
(5) Ka mor'a ho futhumatsa, tlosa gauze 'me u lumelle ho pholile ka tlhaho. .
(6) Ka mor'a ho pholile, eketsa 1 mL ea 1 + 9 hydrochloric acid ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liphaephe tse tharo tsa colorimetric. .
(7) Eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-tubes tse tharo tsa colorimetric ho fihlela letšoao le ka holimo 'me u sisinyehe hantle. .
(8) Sebelisa maqhubu a mabeli le ho metha ka spectrophotometer. Ntlha ea pele, sebelisa 10mm quartz cuvette e nang le leqhubu la 275nm (e seng e hōlile hanyenyane) ho lekanya lisampole tse se nang letho, metsi a kenang, le metsi a tsoang le ho li bala; ebe o sebelisa 10mm quartz cuvette e nang le leqhubu la bolelele ba 220nm (e seng e hōlile hanyane) ho metha lisampole tse se nang letho, tse kenang le tse tsoang. Kenya le ho ntša lisampole tsa metsi ebe u li bala. .
(9) Liphetho tsa lipalo. .
6. Boikemisetso ba ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Litharollo tsa alkaline tsa mercury le potasiamo li kopana le ammonia ho etsa motsoako oa colloidal o bofubelu bo bosootho bo bobebe. 'Mala ona o monyela ka matla holim'a mefuta e mengata ea bolelele ba maqhubu. Hangata bolelele ba maqhubu bo sebelisoang ho metha bo maemong a 410-425nm. .
2. Ho boloka lisampole tsa metsi
Mehlala ea metsi e bokelloa ka libotlolong tsa polyethylene kapa libotlolo tsa khalase 'me li lokela ho hlahlojoa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang. Haeba ho hlokahala, eketsa sulfuric acid ho sampole ea metsi ho e etsa asiti ho pH<2, mme o e boloke ho 2-5°C. Mehlala e nang le asiti e lokela ho nkuoa ho thibela ho monya ha ammonia moeeng le tšilafalo. .
3. Ho kena-kenana le ho felisa
Metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse kang aliphatic amines, amine a nkhang hamonate, aldehydes, acetone, alcohols le organic nitrogen amines, hammoho le inorganic ion tse kang tšepe, manganese, magnesium le sebabole, li baka tšitiso ka lebaka la tlhahiso ea mebala e fapaneng kapa turbidity. 'Mala le turbidity ea metsi le tsona li ama Colorimetric. Bakeng sa morero ona, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration kapa distillation pretreatment ea hlokahala. Lintho tse sitisang tse fokotsang matla le tsona li ka futhumatsoa tlas'a maemo a asiti ho tlosa tšitiso ea li-ion tsa tšepe, 'me palo e loketseng ea masking e ka boela ea eketsoa ho li felisa. .
4. Sebaka sa ts'ebeliso ea mokhoa
Mokhoa o tlaase ka ho fetisisa o bonahalang oa mokhoa ona ke 0.025 mg / l (mokhoa oa photoometric), 'me moeli o ka holimo oa boikemisetso ke 2 mg / l. Ho sebelisoa colorimetry ea pono, mahloriso a tlase haholo a bonoang ke 0.02 mg/l. Kamora ho ts'oaroa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa lisampole tsa metsi, mokhoa ona o ka sebelisoa ho metsi a kaholimo, metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, metsi a litšila a indasteri le likhoerekhoere tsa ka tlung. .
5. Liletsa
(1) Spectrophotometer. .
(2)PH mithara
6. Li-reagents
Metsi ohle a sebelisetsoang ho lokisa li-reagents ha aa lokela ho ba le ammonia. .
(1) Sesebelisoa sa Nessler
U ka khetha e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e latelang ea ho itokisetsa:
1. Beha 20g ea iodide ea potasiamo 'me u e qhale ka hoo e ka bang 25ml ea metsi. Eketsa mercury dichloride (HgCl2) phofo ea kristale (hoo e ka bang 10g) ka likaroloana tse nyenyane ha u ntse u susumetsa. Ha vermilion precipitate e hlaha 'me ho le thata ho qhibiliha, ke nako ea ho eketsa saturated dioxide dropwise. Tharollo ea mercury 'me u hlohlelletse ka botlalo. Ha vermilion precipitate e hlaha 'me e se e sa qhibilihe, emisa ho eketsa tharollo ea mercuric chloride. .
Beha 60g e 'ngoe ea potassium hydroxide 'me u e qhale ka metsing,' me u e hlapolle ho 250ml. Ka mor'a ho pholile mocheso oa kamore, butle-butle tšela tharollo e ka holimo ka har'a tharollo ea potassium hydroxide ha u ntse u hlohlelletsa, e hlapolle ka metsi ho 400ml, 'me u kopanye hantle. E re u eme bosiu bo le bong, fetisetsa supernatant ho botlolo ea polyethylene, 'me ue boloke ka sekoahelo se thata. .
2. Beha 16g ea sodium hydroxide, e qhale ka 50ml ea metsi, 'me u pholile ka ho feletseng ho mocheso oa kamore. .
Beha boima bo bong ba 7g ea iodide ea potasiamo le 10g ea mercury iodide (HgI2) ebe u e qhala ka metsing. Ebe butle-butle kenya tharollo ena ka har'a tharollo ea sodium hydroxide ha u ntse u susumetsa, e hlapolle ka metsi ho 100ml, e boloke ka botlolo ea polyethylene, 'me u boloke e koetsoe ka thata. .
(2) Tharollo ea potassium sodium acid
Beha 50g ea potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) 'me u e qhale ka 100ml ea metsi, mocheso le pheha ho tlosa ammonia, ho pholile le ho qhibiliha ho 100ml. .
(3) Ammonium standard stock solution
Beha boima ba 3.819g ea ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) e omisitsoeng ka likhato tse 100 tsa Celsius, e qhibilile ka metsing, e fetisetsa ho 1000ml volumetric flask, 'me u hlapolle letšoao. Tharollo ena e na le 1.00mg ammonia nitrogen ka ml. .
(4)Tharollo e tloaelehileng ea Ammonium
Pipette 5.00ml ea tharollo e tloaelehileng ea amine ka har'a botlolo ea volumetric ea 500ml ebe e hlapolla ka metsi ho ea letšoao. Tharollo ena e na le 0.010mg ammonia nitrogen ka ml. .
7. Palo
Fumana ammonia nitrogen content (mg) ho tloha moeteng oa calibration
Ammonia nitrogen (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
Ka foromo, m - palo ea ammonia nitrogen e fumanoang ho tsoa ho calibration (mg), V - boholo ba sampole ea metsi (ml). .
8. Lintho tseo u lokelang ho li ela hloko
(1) Karo-karolelano ea iodide ea sodium le iodide ea potasiamo e na le tšusumetso e kholo kutloisisong ea karabelo ea mebala. Mokelikeli o entsoeng ka mor'a ho phomola o lokela ho tlosoa. .
(2) Hangata pampiri e sefang e na le matsoai a mangata a ammonium, kahoo etsa bonnete ba hore u e hlatsoa ka metsi a se nang ammonia ha u e sebelisa. Lisebelisoa tsohle tsa khalase li lokela ho sireletsoa ho silafatsoa ke ammonia moeeng oa laboratori. .
9. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang ka hare le metsi a tsoang ka ntle ka ho lekana. .
(2) Tšela sampole ea metsi a kenang le metsi a tsoang ka har'a libeak tsa 100mL ka ho latellana. .
(3) Kenya 1 mL ea 10% zinc sulfate le marotholi a 5 a sodium hydroxide ka har'a libeke tse peli ka ho latellana, 'me u tsose ka lithupa tse peli tsa khalase. .
(4) E lumelle hore e lule metsotso e 3 ebe u qala ho sefa. .
(5) Tšela mohlala oa metsi a emeng ka har'a funele ea sefe. Kamora ho sefa, tšela filtrate ka beakeng e ka tlase. Ebe u sebelisa beake ena ho bokella sampole ea metsi e setseng ka funeleng. Ho fihlela filtration e phethoa, tšela filtrate ka beaker e ka tlase hape. Tšela filtrate. (Ka mantsoe a mang, sebelisa filtrate ho tloha funeleng e le 'ngoe ho hlatsoa beaker habeli)
(6) Sefa disampole tse setseng tsa metsi ka dibekeng ka ho latellana. .
(7) Nka li-tubes tse 3 tsa colorimetric. Eketsa metsi a distilled ho tube ea pele ea colorimetric 'me u eketse sekala; eketsa 3-5mL ea filtara ea metsi a kenang ka har'a tube ea bobeli ea colorimetric, ebe o eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng sekaleng; eketsa 2mL ea filtara ea metsi a tsoang ka har'a tube ea boraro ea colorimetric. Ebe u eketsa metsi a distilled ho letšoao. (Palo ea filtara ea sampole ea metsi e kenang le e tsoang ha e ea ts'oaroa)
(8) Kenya 1 mL potassium sodium tartrate le 1.5 mL reagent ea Nessler ho li-tubes tse tharo tsa colorimetric ka ho latellana. .
(9) Shake hantle le nako bakeng sa metsotso e 10. Sebelisa spectrophotometer ho metha, u sebelisa bolelele ba maqhubu a 420nm le 20mm cuvette. Bala. .
(10) Liphetho tsa lipalo. .
7. Boikemisetso ba naetrojene ea nitrate (NO3-N)
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Ka sampole ea metsi sebakeng sa alkaline, nitrate e ka fokotsoa ka bongata ho ammonia ka sesebelisoa se fokotsang (Daisler alloy) ha se futhumatsa. Ka mor'a ho hloekisoa, e kenngoa ka har'a motsoako oa boric acid 'me e lekanyetsoe ho sebelisa Nessler's reagent photometry kapa acid titration. . .
2. Ho kena-kenana le ho felisa
Tlas'a maemo ana, nitrite e boetse e fokotsehile ho ammonia 'me e hloka ho tlosoa esale pele. Matsoai a ammonia le ammonia ka lisampole tsa metsi a ka boela a tlosoa ka pre-distillation pele o eketsa motsoako oa Daisch. .
Mokhoa ona o loketse ka ho khetheha bakeng sa qeto ea naetrojene ea nitrate ka lisampole tsa metsi a silafetseng haholo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, e ka boela ea sebelisoa bakeng sa ho etsa qeto ea naetrojene ea nitrite ka lisampole tsa metsi (sampole ea metsi e khethoa ke alkaline pele ho distillation ho tlosa ammonia le ammonium salts, 'me joale nitrite Kakaretso ea letsoai, ho tloswa palo. ea nitrate e lekantsoeng ka thoko, ke palo ea nitrite). .
3. Liletsa
Sesebediswa sa nitrogen-fixing distillation se nang le dibolo tsa naetrojene. .
4. Li-reagents
(1) Tharollo ea sulfamic acid: Bekha 1g ea sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), e qhale ka metsing, 'me u hlapolle ho 100ml. .
(2) 1 + 1 hydrochloric acid
(3) Tharollo ea sodium hydroxide: Kala 300g ea sodium hydroxide, e qhale ka metsing, 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml. .
(4) Daisch alloy (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) phofo. .
(5) Tharollo ea boric acid: Beha 20g ea boric acid (H3BO3), e qhaqha ka metsing, 'me u hlapolle ho 1000ml. .
5. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Sisinya lisampole tse nkiloeng ho tloha ntlheng ea 3 le ntlha ea reflux ebe u li beha bakeng sa ho hlakisoa nako e itseng. .
(2) Nka li-tubes tse 3 tsa colorimetric. Eketsa metsi a distilled ho tube ea pele ea colorimetric 'me u e kenye ka tekanyo; eketsa 3mL ea No. 3 spotting supernatant ho ea bobeli colorimetric tube, 'me joale eketsa metsi distilled sekaleng; eketsa 5mL ea reflux spotting supernatant ho ea boraro colorimetric tube, ebe u eketsa metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho letšoao. .
(3) Nka lijana tse 3 tse etsang mouoane 'me u tšele mokelikeli ka har'a liphaephe tse 3 tsa colorimetric ka har'a lijana tse fetohang mouoane. .
(4) Eketsa 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide ho lijana tse tharo tse fetohang mouoane ka ho latellana ho lokisa pH ho 8. (Sebelisa pampiri ea tlhahlobo ea pH e nepahetseng, sebaka se pakeng tsa 5.5-9.0. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e hloka marotholi a ka bang 20 a sodium hydroxide)
(5) Bulela bate ea metsi, beha sejana sa mouoane holim'a bateng ea metsi, 'me u behe mocheso ho 90 ° C ho fihlela o fetoha mouoane ho omella. (ho nka lihora tse ka bang 2)
(6) Ka mor'a ho fetoha mouoane ho omella, tlosa sejana se mouoane 'me u se pholile. .
(7) Ka mor'a ho pholile, eketsa 1 mL ea phenol disulfonic acid ho lijana tse tharo tse fetohang mouoane ka ho latellana, sila ka molamu oa khalase ho etsa hore reagent e kopane ka ho feletseng le masala a sejana sa mouoane, e lumelle hore e eme ka nakoana, ebe e sila hape. Ka mor'a ho e tlohela ka metsotso e 10, Kenya hoo e ka bang 10 ml ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka ho latellana. .
(8) Eketsa 3-4mL metsi a ammonia lijaneng tse fetohang mouoane ha u ntse u hlohlelletsa, 'me u li ise ho li-tubes tsa colorimetric tse tsamaellanang. Eketsa metsi a distilled ho letšoao ka ho latellana. .
(9) Tšoaea ka ho lekana 'me u lekanye ka spectrophotometer, u sebelisa cuvette ea 10mm (khalase e tloaelehileng, e nchanyana) e nang le leqhubu la bolelele ba 410nm. 'Me u lule u bala. .
(10) Liphetho tsa lipalo. .
8. Boikemisetso ba oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng (DO)
Oksijene ea molek'hule e qhibilihang ka metsing e bitsoa oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng. Oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a tlhaho e itšetlehile ka ho leka-lekana ha oksijene metsing le sepakapaka. .
Ka kakaretso, mokhoa oa iodine o sebelisoa ho lekanya oksijene e qhibilihileng.
1. Molao-motheo oa mokhoa
Manganese sulfate le alkaline potassium iodide li kenyelletsoa sampoleng ea metsi. Oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing e kopanya manganese ea valent e tlaase ho ea ho manganese ea valent e phahameng, e hlahisang metsi a sootho a tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Ka mor'a ho eketsa asiti, hydroxide precipitate e qhibiliha ebe e kopana le li-ion tsa iodide ho e lokolla. Iodine ea mahala. Ho sebelisa starch e le sesupo le ho fokotsa iodine e lokolotsoeng ka sodium thiosulfate, ho ka baloa hore na oksijene e qhibilihile. .
2. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Nka sampole ntlheng ea 9 ka botlolong ea molomo o sephara 'me u e lumelle hore e lule metsotso e leshome. (Ka kopo hlokomela hore u sebelisa botlolo ea molomo o pharaletseng 'me u ele hloko mokhoa oa ho etsa sampole)
(2) Kenya setsoe sa khalase ka har'a sampole ea botlolo ea molomo o sephara, sebelisa mokhoa oa siphon ho monya matla a maholo ka har'a botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng, pele u monye hanyane hanyane, hlatsoa botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ka makhetlo a 3, 'me qetellong u monye ho supernatant ho e tlatse ka oksijene e qhibilihileng. botlolo. .
(3) Kenya 1mL manganese sulfate le 2mL alkaline potassium iodide botlolong e felletseng ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng. (Ela hloko litemoso ha u eketsa, eketsa ho tloha bohareng)
(4) Koahela botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng, e tsokele holimo le tlaase, e tsokotse hape metsotso e meng le e meng e meng le e meng e ’maloa, ’me u e tsokele ka makhetlo a mararo. .
(5) Kenya 2mL ea concentrated sulfuric acid ho botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng 'me u sisinyehe hantle. E lumelle hore e lule sebakeng se lefifi ka metsotso e mehlano. .
(6) Tšela sodium thiosulfate ka har'a buret ea alkaline (e nang le li-tube tsa rabara le lifaha tsa khalase. Ela hloko phapang pakeng tsa li-asiti le li-alkaline burettes) ho mola oa sekala 'me u itokisetse titration. .
(7) Ka mor'a ho e tlohela hore e eme metsotso e 5, ntša botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng e behiloeng lefifing, tšela mokelikeli ka har'a botlolo ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ka har'a cylinder ea polasetiki ea 100mL, 'me ue hlatsoe ka makhetlo a mararo. Qetellong tšela letšoao la 100mL la silindara ea ho lekanya. .
(8) Tšela mokelikeli ka har'a silindara ea ho lekanya ka har'a botlolo ea Erlenmeyer. .
(9) Titrate le sodium thiosulfate ka har'a botlolo ea Erlenmeyer ho fihlela e se na 'mala, ebe u eketsa dropper ea starch indicator, ebe u titrate ka sodium thiosulfate ho fihlela e fela, 'me u tlalehe ho bala. .
(10) Liphetho tsa lipalo. .
Oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
M ke motsoako oa sodium thiosulfate tharollo (mol/L)
V ke boholo ba tharollo ea sodium thiosulfate e sebelisoang nakong ea titration (mL)
9. Kakaretso ea alkalinity
1. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Tšoaea sampole ea metsi a kenang ka hare le metsi a tsoang ka ntle ka ho lekana. .
(2) Sefa sampole ea metsi a kenang (haeba metsi a kenang a batla a hloekile, ha ho tlhokeho e hlokahalang), sebelisa cylinder ea 100 ml ho nka 100 mL ea filtrate ka har'a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Sebelisa cylinder e tsoang 100mL ho nka 100mL ea sampole ea metsi a sisinyehileng ka har'a botlolo e 'ngoe ea 500mL Erlenmeyer. .
(3) Eketsa marotholi a 3 a methyl red-methylene blue indicator ho li-flask tse peli tsa Erlenmeyer ka ho latellana, tse fetolang botala bo khanyang. .
(4) Tšela tharollo e tloaelehileng ea 0.01mol / L ea hydrogen ion ka har'a buret ea alkaline (e nang le li-tube tsa rabara le likhaba tsa khalase, 50mL. The alkaline burette e sebelisoang ho lekanya oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng ke 25mL, ela hloko phapang) ho letšoao. Mohala. .
(5) Hlakola tharollo e tloaelehileng ea hydrogen ion ka har'a li-flask tse peli tsa Erlenmeyer ho senola 'mala oa lavender,' me u tlalehe lipalo tsa molumo tse sebelisitsoeng. (Hopola ho bala ka mor'a ho thaepa e le 'ngoe ebe u e tlatsa ho titrate e 'ngoe. Mohlala oa metsi a kenang o hloka limililithara tse ka bang mashome a mane, 'me metsi a tsoang ka ntle a hloka limililithara tse ka bang leshome)
(6) Liphetho tsa lipalo. Palo ea tharollo e tloaelehileng ea hydrogen ion * 5 ke bophahamo. .
10. Qeto ea karo-karolelano ea sludge (SV30)
1. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Nka cylinder ea ho lekanya 100mL. .
(2) Sisinya sampole e nkiloeng ntlheng ea 9 ea foro ea oxidation ka ho lekana 'me u e tšele ka har'a silindara ea ho lekanya ho letšoao le ka holimo. .
(3) Metsotso e 30 ka mor'a hore u qale nako, bala tekanyo ea ho bala sehokelong ebe u e rekota. .
11. Boikemisetso ba index ea bophahamo ba matlakala (SVI)
SVI e lekanyetsoa ka ho arola tekanyo ea sludge settling ratio (SV30) ka sludge concentration (MLSS). Empa e-ba hlokolosi mabapi le ho fetola likarolo. Karolo ea SVI ke mL/g. .
12. Determination of sludge concentration (MLSS)
1. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Shake sampole e nkiloeng ntlheng ea 9 le sampole sebakeng sa reflux ka ho lekana. .
(2) Nka 100mL e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea sampuli sebakeng sa 9 le sampuli sebakeng sa reflux ho ea ka cylinder ea ho lekanya. (Sampole ntlheng ea 9 e ka fumanoa ka ho lekanya karo-karolelano ea sludge sedimentation)
(3) Sebelisa pompo ea rotary vane vacuum ho sefa sampole ntlheng ea 9 le sampole sebakeng sa reflux ho silindara ea ho metha ka ho latellana. (Ela hloko khetho ea pampiri ea sefe. Pampiri e sefang e sebelisitsoeng ke pampiri e sefang e lekantsoeng esale pele. Haeba MLVSS e lokela ho lekanyetsoa ka sampole ntlheng ea 9 ka letsatsi lona leo, pampiri e sefang e lokela ho sebelisoa ho sefa sampole. ntlheng ea 9. Leha ho le joalo, pampiri ea filthara ea boleng e lokela ho sebelisoa ho ekelletsa moo, ela hloko pampiri ea filthara ea boleng le pampiri ea filthara ea boleng.
(4) Ntša sampole ea seretse ea pampiri e sefiloeng ebe u e beha ka ontong ea ho omisa ea motlakase. Mocheso oa ontong ea ho omisa o nyolohela ho 105 ° C 'me o qala ho omella lihora tse peli. .
(5) Ntša seretse se omisitsoeng sa pampiri ea sefahla 'me u se behe ka har'a setlolo sa khalase hore se phole ka halofo ea hora. .
(6) Ka mor'a hore u pholisoe, bekha 'me u bale u sebelisa tekanyo e nepahetseng ea elektronike. .
(7) Liphetho tsa lipalo. Khatiso ea Sludge (mg/L) = (ho bala ho leka-lekana - boima ba pampiri ea sefe) * 10000
13. Qeto ea lintho tse phelang tse sa tsitsang (MLVSS)
1. Mehato ea ho lekanya
(1) Ka mor'a ho lekanya seretse sa pampiri ea filthara sebakeng sa 9 ka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea elektronike, beha sampuli ea seretse ea pampiri ea filthara ka har'a crucible e nyenyane ea porcelain. .
(2) Bulela sebōpi sa mofuta oa lebokose, fetola mocheso ho 620 ° C, 'me u kenye crucible e nyenyane ea porcelain ka har'a sebōpi sa mofuta oa lebokose bakeng sa lihora tse ka bang 2. .
(3) Ka mor'a lihora tse peli, koala sebōpi sa mofuta oa lebokose. Ka mor'a ho pholile ka lihora tse 3, bula lemati la sebōpi sa mofuta oa lebokose hanyenyane 'me u pholile hape ka nako e ka etsang halofo ea hora ho netefatsa hore mocheso oa porcelain crucible ha o fete 100 ° C. .
(4) Ntša crucible ea porcelain 'me u e behe ka har'a setlolo sa khalase hore e phole hape ka nako e ka etsang halofo ea hora, e lekanye ka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea elektronike,' me u tlalehe ho bala. .
(5) Liphetho tsa lipalo. .
Volatile organic substances (mg/L) = (boima ba sampuli ea seretse sa pampiri + boima ba crucible e nyane - ho bala ho leka-lekana) * 10000.
Nako ea poso: Mar-19-2024
