19. Ho na le mekhoa e kae ea ho hlapolla sampole ea metsi ha u metha BOD5?Litlhokomelo tsa ts'ebetso ke life?
Ha o lekanya BOD5, mekhoa ea ho hlapolla sampole ea metsi e arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli: mokhoa oa ho hlapolla ka kakaretso le mokhoa o tobileng oa ho hlapolla.Mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho hlapolla o hloka palo e kholoanyane ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka inoculation.
Mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho hlapolla ke ho eketsa metsi a hlapollang a ka bang 500mL kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka inoculation ho cylinder e 1L kapa 2L, ebe o eketsa sampole e itseng e baliloeng, o eketsa metsi a hlapollang kapa a inoculation ka botlalo, ebe o sebelisa Rubber at the end to Molamu wa galase o chitja o tsokotsoa butle kapa tlase tlasa bokahodimo ba metsi.Qetellong, sebelisa siphon ho kenyelletsa tharollo ea metsi a kopantsoeng ka mokhoa o lekanang ka har'a botlolo ea setso, e tlatse ka ho phalla hanyenyane, ka hloko sekoahelo sa botlolo, 'me u se tiise ka metsi.Molomo oa botlolo.Bakeng sa disampole tsa metsi tse nang le karo-karolelano ya bobedi kapa ya boraro ya dilution, motswako o setseng o ka sebediswa.Ka mor'a ho bala, palo e itseng ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka ente a ka eketsoa, a kopantsoe le ho kenngoa ka botlolo ea setso ka tsela e ts'oanang.
Mokhoa o tobileng oa ho hlapolla ke ho qala ka ho hlahisa hoo e ka bang halofo ea metsi a hlapollotsoeng kapa metsi a hlapollotsoeng ka inoculation ka har'a botlolo ea setso ea molumo o tsebahalang ka siphoning, ebe o kenya molumo oa sampole ea metsi e lokelang ho eketsoa botlolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea setso e baloang ho ipapisitsoe le dilution. ntho e haufi le lebota la botlolo., ebe u kenya metsi a hlapollang kapa metsi a hlapollang ka har'a botlolo, koala sekoaelo sa botlolo ka hloko, 'me u koale molomo oa botlolo ka metsi.
Ha u sebelisa mokhoa o tobileng oa ho hlapolla, tlhokomelo e khethehileng e lokela ho lefshoa ho se kenye metsi a dilution kapa ho kenya metsi a dilution ka potlako qetellong.Ka nako e ts'oanang, hoa hlokahala ho hlahloba melao ea ts'ebetso ea ho hlahisa molumo o nepahetseng ho qoba liphoso tse bakoang ke ho phalla ho feteletseng.
Ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke mokhoa ofe o sebelisoang, ha o kenya sampole ea metsi ka har'a botlolo ea setso, ketso e tlameha ho ba bonolo ho qoba li-bubble, moea o qhibilihang ka metsing kapa oksijene e tsoang metsing.Ka nako e ts'oanang, e-ba hlokolosi ha u koala botlolo ka thata ho qoba li-bubble tsa moea tse setseng ka botlolong, tse ka amang liphello tsa tekanyo.Ha botlolo ea setso e hlahisoa ka incubator, tiiso ea metsi e lokela ho hlahlojoa letsatsi le leng le le leng 'me e tlatsoe ka metsi ka nako ho thibela metsi a koalang hore a se ke a fetoha mouoane le ho lumella moea ho kena ka botlolong.Ntle le moo, palo ea libotlolo tse peli tsa setso tse sebelisitsoeng pele le kamora matsatsi a 5 li tlameha ho tšoana ho fokotsa liphoso.
20. Ke mathata afe a ka ’nang a hlaha ha ho metha BOD5?
Ha BOD5 e lekanngoa holim'a metsi a litšila a tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere ka nitrification, kaha e na le libaktheria tse ngata tsa nitrifying, liphetho tsa tekanyo li kenyelletsa tlhoko ea oksijene ea lintho tse nang le naetrojene tse kang ammonia nitrogen.Ha ho hlokahala ho khetholla tlhoko ea oksijene ea lintho tsa carbonaceous le tlhoko ea oksijene ea lintho tsa naetrojene ka lisampole tsa metsi, mokhoa oa ho eketsa li-inhibitors tsa nitrification metsing a dilution o ka sebelisoa ho felisa nitrification nakong ea ts'ebetso ea BOD5.Ka mohlala, ho eketsa 10mg 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine kapa 10mg propenyl thiourea, joalo-joalo.
BOD5/CODCr e haufi le 1 kapa e kholo ho feta 1, e leng hangata e bontšang hore ho na le phoso nakong ea tlhahlobo.Sehokelo se seng le se seng sa tlhahlobo se tlameha ho hlahlojoa, 'me ho tlameha ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng hore na sampole ea metsi e nkuoa ka ho lekana.E ka 'na ea e-ba ntho e tloaelehileng hore BOD5 / CODMn e be haufi le 1 kapa e kholoanyane ho feta 1, hobane tekanyo ea oxidation ea likaroloana tsa manyolo ka lisampole tsa metsi ka potassium permanganate e tlase haholo ho feta ea potassium dichromate.Boleng ba CODMn ba sampole e tšoanang ea metsi ka linako tse ling bo tlase ho boleng ba CODCr.tse ngata tsa.
Ha ho e-na le ntho e tloaelehileng ea hore ntho e kholoanyane ea dilution le boleng bo phahameng ba BOD5, hangata lebaka ke hore mohlala oa metsi o na le lintho tse thibelang ho hōla le ho ikatisa ha likokoana-hloko.Ha karolo ea dilution e le tlase, karolo ea lintho tse thibelang metsi tse ka har'a sampole ea metsi e kholoanyane, e leng se etsang hore ho se khonehe hore libaktheria li etse biodegradation e sebetsang, e leng se bakang liphetho tse tlase tsa tekanyo ea BOD5.Ka nako ena, likarolo tse itseng kapa lisosa tsa lintho tse thibelang likokoana-hloko li lokela ho fumanoa, 'me phekolo e sebetsang e lokela ho etsoa ho felisa kapa ho pata pele ho tekanyo.
Ha BOD5/CODCr e le tlase, joalo ka tlase ho 0.2 kapa esita le ka tlase ho 0.1, haeba sampole ea metsi e lekantsoeng e le metsi a litšila a indasteri, e kanna ea ba hobane lintho tse phelang ka har'a sampole ea metsi li na le biodegradability e fokolang.Leha ho le joalo, haeba sampole ea metsi e lekantsoeng e le likhoerekhoere tsa litoropong kapa tse kopantsoeng le metsi a litšila a Liindasteri, e leng karolo ea likhoerekhoere tsa ka tlung, ha se feela hobane sampole ea metsi e na le lintho tse chefo tsa lik'hemik'hale kapa lithibela-mafu, empa mabaka a tloaelehileng haholo ke boleng ba pH bo sa nkeng lehlakore. le ho ba teng ha li-fungicides tse setseng tsa chlorine.E le ho qoba liphoso, nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tekanyo ea BOD5, litekanyetso tsa pH tsa sampole ea metsi le metsi a dilution li tlameha ho fetoloa ho 7 le 7.2 ka ho latellana.Litlhahlobo tsa ka mehla li tlameha ho etsoa lisampoleng tsa metsi tse ka bang le li-oxidants joalo ka masala a chlorine.
21. Ke matšoao afe a bontšang limatlafatsi tsa semela metsing a litšila?
Limatlafatsi tsa semela li kenyelletsa naetrojene, phosphorus le lintho tse ling tse hlokahalang bakeng sa kholo le nts'etsopele ea semela.Limatlafatsi tse itekanetseng li ka khothalletsa ho hōla ha lintho tse phelang le likokoana-hloko.Limatlafatsi tse ngata tse kenang 'meleng oa metsi li tla etsa hore algae e ate ka metsing, e leng se tla fella ka ntho e bitsoang "eutrophication", e tla senya boleng ba metsi le ho feta, e ama tlhahiso ea litlhapi le ho senya bophelo ba batho.Eutrophication e matla ea matša a sa tebang e ka lebisa ho hohola letšeng le lefu.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, limatlafatsi tsa semela ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo le ho ikatisa ha likokoana-hloko ka har'a seretse se kentsoeng, 'me ke ntlha ea bohlokoa e amanang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko.Ka hona, matšoao a limatlafatsi a limela ka metsing a sebelisoa e le pontšo ea bohlokoa ea ho laola ts'ebetsong e tloaelehileng ea likhoerekhoere.
Lipontšo tsa boleng ba metsi tse bontšang limatlafatsi tsa limela ka likhoerekhoere ke haholo metsoako ea naetrojene (joaloka naetrojene ea tlhaho, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite le nitrate, joalo-joalo) le metsoako ea phosphorus (joalo ka kakaretso ea phosphorus, phosphate, joalo-joalo).Ts'ebetsong e tloaelehileng ea likhoerekhoere, ka kakaretso ke Monitor ammonia nitrogen le phosphate metsing a kenang le a tsoang.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke ho boloka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke ho bona hore na metsi a litšila a kopana le litekanyetso tsa naha.
22.Ke matšoao afe a boleng ba metsi a metsoako ea naetrojene e sebelisoang hangata?Li amana joang?
Lipontšo tsa boleng ba metsi tse sebelisoang ka tloaelo tse emelang metsoako ea naetrojene metsing li kenyelletsa naetrojene e felletseng, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite le nitrate.
Ammonia nitrogen ke naetrojene e teng ka sebopeho sa NH3 le NH4+ metsing.Ke mohato oa pele oa sehlahisoa sa ho bola ha oxidative ea metsoako ea nitrogen ea organic mme ke sesupo sa tšilafalo ea metsi.Ammonia nitrogen e ka oxidized ka nitrite (e hlalositsoeng e le NO2-) tlas'a ketso ea libaktheria tsa nitrite, 'me nitrite e ka kenngoa ka nitrate (e hlalosoang e le NO3-) tlas'a ketso ea libaktheria tsa nitrate.Nitrate e ka boela ea fokotsoa hore e be nitrite tlas'a ketso ea likokoana-hloko sebakeng se se nang oksijene.Ha naetrojene e ka metsing e le ka mokhoa oa nitrate, e ka bontša hore litaba tsa lintho tse phelang tse nang le naetrojene ka metsing li nyenyane haholo 'me' mele oa metsi o fihlile ho itlhoekisa.
Kakaretso ea nitrogen ea nitrogen le ammonia nitrogen e ka lekanngoa ka mokhoa oa Kjeldahl (GB 11891–89).Likahare tsa naetrojene tsa lisampole tsa metsi tse lekantsoeng ka mokhoa oa Kjeldahl li boetse li bitsoa Kjeldahl nitrogen, kahoo Kjeldahl nitrogen e tsebahalang haholo ke ammonia nitrogen.le naetrojene ea tlhaho.Ka mor'a ho tlosa ammonia nitrogen ho tloha sampoleng ea metsi, joale e lekanngoa ka mokhoa oa Kjeldahl.Boleng bo lekantsoeng ke nitrogen ea manyolo.Haeba Kjeldahl nitrogen le ammonia nitrogen li lekantsoe ka thoko ka lisampole tsa metsi, phapang le eona ke nitrogen ea tlhaho.Kjeldahl nitrogen e ka sebelisoa e le sesupo sa taolo ea naetrojene ea metsi a kenang a lisebelisoa tsa likhoerekhoere, hape e ka sebelisoa e le sesupo sa ho laola ho ata ha metsi a tlhaho a metsi a kang linōka, matša le maoatle.
Kakaretso ea naetrojene ke kakaretso ea nitrogen ea nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen le nitrate nitrogen metsing, e leng kakaretso ea Kjeldahl nitrogen le total oxide nitrogen.Kakaretso ea naetrojene, naetrojene ea naetrojene le naetrojene ea nitrate kaofela li ka lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa spectrophotometry.Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mokhoa oa naetrojene ea naetrojene, bona GB7493-87, bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba naetrojene ea nitrate, bona GB7480-87, le bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba naetrojene kaofela, bona GB 11894- -89.Kakaretso ea naetrojene e emela kakaretso ea metsoako ea naetrojene metsing.Ke sesupo sa bohlokoa sa taolo ea tšilafalo ea metsi a tlhaho le parameter ea bohlokoa ea taolo ts'ebetsong ea likhoerekhoere.
23. Litlhokomelo tsa ho lekanya ammonia nitrogen ke life?
Mekhoa e sebelisoang hangata ea ho fumana ammonia nitrogen ke mekhoa ea colorimetric, e leng Nessler's reagent colorimetric method (GB 7479–87) le salicylic acid-hypochlorite method (GB 7481–87).Mehlala ea metsi e ka bolokoa ka acidification ka concentrated sulfuric acid.Mokhoa o khethehileng ke oa ho sebelisa concentrated sulfuric acid ho lokisa boleng ba pH ba sampole ea metsi hore e be lipakeng tsa 1.5 le 2, le ho e boloka tikolohong ea 4oC.Maemo a fokolang a ho lemoha a mofuta oa Nessler reagent colorimetric le mokhoa oa salicylic acid-hypochlorite ke 0.05mg/L le 0.01mg/L (e baloang ka N) ka ho latellana.Ha u lekanya lisebelisoa tsa metsi ka mahloriso ka holimo ho 0.2mg / L Ha, mokhoa oa volumetric (CJ / T75-1999) o ka sebelisoa.E le ho fumana liphetho tse nepahetseng, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke mokhoa ofe oa tlhahlobo o sebelisoang, sampole ea metsi e tlameha ho hloekisoa esale pele ha e lekanya ammonia nitrogen.
Boleng ba pH ba lisampole tsa metsi bo na le tšusumetso e kholo boikemisetsong ba ammonia.Haeba boleng ba pH bo phahame haholo, metsoako e meng ea nitrogen e nang le naetrojene e tla fetoloa ammonia.Haeba boleng ba pH bo le tlase haholo, karolo ea ammonia e tla sala ka metsing nakong ea ho futhumatsa le ho silafatsa.E le ho fumana liphetho tse nepahetseng, mohlala oa metsi o lokela ho fetoloa ho se nke lehlakore pele ho tlhahlobo.Haeba sampole ea metsi e le asiti haholo kapa alkaline, boleng ba pH bo ka fetoloa hore bo se nke lehlakore ka 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution kapa 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution.Ebe o eketsa tharollo ea phosphate buffer ho boloka pH ea boleng ho 7.4, ebe o etsa distillation.Ka mor'a ho futhumatsa, ammonia e fetoha mouoane ho tsoa metsing sebakeng sa khase.Ka nako ena, 0.01 ~ 0.02mol / L hlapolla sulfuric acid (mokhoa oa phenol-hypochlorite) kapa 2% ea hlapolla boric acid (mokhoa oa reagent oa Nessler) e sebelisoa ho e monya.
Bakeng sa lisampole tse ling tsa metsi tse nang le Ca2+ e kholo, ka mor'a ho eketsa tharollo ea phosphate buffer, Ca2+ le PO43- hlahisa Ca3 (PO43-)2 e sa qhibilihang ebe e lokolla H+ ka phosphate, e theolang pH ea boleng.Ho hlakile hore li-Ion tse ling tse ka bang le phosphate le tsona li ka ama boleng ba pH ba lisampole tsa metsi nakong ea ho futhumatsa.Ka mantsoe a mang, bakeng sa sampole e joalo ea metsi, leha boleng ba pH bo ka fetoloa ho se nke lehlakore 'me ho eketsoa tharollo ea phosphate buffer, boleng ba pH bo ntse bo le tlase haholo ho feta boleng bo lebelletsoeng.Ka hona, bakeng sa disampole tse sa tsejoeng tsa metsi, lekanya boleng ba pH hape ka mor'a ho hloekisoa.Haeba boleng ba pH bo se pakeng tsa 7.2 le 7.6, palo ea tharollo ea buffer e lokela ho eketsoa.Ka kakaretso, 10 ml ea tharollo ea phosphate buffer e lokela ho eketsoa bakeng sa 250 mg ea calcium.
24. Ke matšoao afe a boleng ba metsi a bontšang litaba tsa metsoako e nang le phosphorus metsing?Li amana joang?
Phosphorus ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa kholo ea lintho tse phelang metsing.Bongata ba phosphorus metsing bo teng ka mefuta e fapaneng ea phosphates, 'me e nyane e teng ka sebopeho sa metsoako ea manyolo ea phosphorus.Phosphates ka metsing e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: orthophosphate le condensed phosphate.Orthophosphate e bua ka phosphates e teng ka mokhoa oa PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, joalo-joalo, ha phosphate e khutsufalitsoeng e kenyelletsa pyrophosphate le metaphosphoric acid.Matsoai le polymeric phosphates, tse kang P2O74-, P3O105-, HP3O92-, (PO3) 63-, joalo-joalo Metsoako ea Organophosphorus haholo-holo e kenyelletsa phosphates, phosphites, pyrophosphates, hypophosphites le amine phosphates.Kakaretso ea phosphates le organic phosphorus e bitsoa palo yohle ya phosphorus mme hape ke sesupo sa bohlokwa sa boleng ba metsi.
Mokhoa oa ho hlahloba phosphorus kaofela (sheba GB 11893–89 bakeng sa mekhoa e khethehileng) e na le mehato e 'meli ea motheo.Mohato oa pele ke ho sebelisa li-oxidants ho fetola mefuta e fapaneng ea phosphorus ka har'a sampole ea metsi hore e be phosphates.Mohato oa bobeli ke ho lekanya orthophosphate, 'me joale reverse Bala ka kakaretso phosphorus content.Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tloaelo ea ho hloekisa likhoerekhoere, boleng ba phosphate ea likhoerekhoere tse kenang sesebelisoa sa phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale tsa biochemical le litšila tsa tanka ea bobeli ea sedimentation li tlameha ho behoa leihlo le ho lekanyetsoa.Haeba karolo ea phosphate ea metsi a kenang e sa lekana, ho tlameha ho eketsoa palo e itseng ea manyolo a phosphate ho e tlatsetsa;haeba boleng ba phosphate ba litšila tsa tanka ea sedimentation ea bobeli bo feta tekanyetso ea naha ea boemo ba pele ba 0.5mg/L, mehato ea ho tlosa phosphorus e tlameha ho nkoa.
25. Mehato ea ho itšireletsa bakeng sa qeto ea phosphate ke efe?
Mokhoa oa ho lekanya phosphate ke hore tlas'a maemo a acidic, phosphate le ammonium molybdate li hlahisa phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, e fokotsoang hore e be motsoako o moputsoa (o bitsoang molybdenum blue) ka ho sebelisa ntho e fokotsang stannous chloride kapa ascorbic acid.Mokhoa oa CJ/T78–1999), o ka sebelisa mafura a alkaline ho hlahisa li-complexes tse mebala-bala tse nang le likarolo tse ngata bakeng sa tekanyo e tobileng ea spectrophotometric.
Mehlala ea metsi e nang le phosphorus ha e tsitsitse 'me e hlahlojoa hantle hang ka mor'a ho bokella.Haeba tlhahlobo e ke ke ea etsoa hang-hang, eketsa 40 mg mercury chloride kapa 1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid ho litara e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea metsi bakeng sa ho bolokoa, 'me ue boloke ka botlolong ea khalase e sootho ebe u e beha ka sehatsetsing sa 4oC.Haeba sampole ea metsi e sebelisoa feela bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea phosphorus kaofela, ha ho hlokahale phekolo e sireletsang.
Kaha phosphate e ka tšeloa maboteng a libotlolo tsa polasetiki, libotlolo tsa polasetiki li ke ke tsa sebelisoa ho boloka lisampole tsa metsi.Libotlolo tsohle tsa khalase tse sebelisitsoeng li tlameha ho hlatsuoa ka dilute hot hydrochloric acid kapa dilute nitric acid, ebe li hlatsuoa ka makhetlo a 'maloa ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng.
26. Ke matšoao afe a fapa-fapaneng a bontšang hore na ntho e tiileng ka metsing ke efe?
Lintho tse tiileng ka har'a likhoerekhoere li kenyelletsa lintho tse phaphametseng holim'a metsi, lintho tse emisitsoeng ka metsing, lintho tse sedimentable tse tebang ho ea tlase le taba e tiileng e qhibilihang ka metsing.Lintho tse phaphametseng ke likotoana tse kholo kapa likaroloana tse kholo tsa litšila tse phaphametseng holim'a metsi 'me li na le boima bo ka tlase ho metsi.Taba e emisitsoeng ke litšila tse nyane tse emisitsoeng ka metsing.Sedimentable matter ke litšila tse ka lulang ka tlase ho metsi ka mor'a nako e itseng.Hoo e ka bang likhoerekhoere tsohle li na le lintho tse sedimentable tse rarahaneng.Sedimentable matter e bopilweng haholo ke organic matter e bitswa seretse, mme ntho e qhibidihang haholo e bopilweng ke inorganic matter e bitswa masalla.Hangata ho thata ho lekanya lintho tse phaphametseng, empa lintho tse ling tse 'maloa tse tiileng li ka lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa matšoao a latelang.
Letšoao le bonts'ang kakaretso ea lintho tse tiileng ka metsing ke lintho tse tiileng kapa tse tiileng.Ho ea ka ho qhibiliha ha lintho tse tiileng metsing, lintho tse tiileng kaofela li ka aroloa ka lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihisitsoeng (Dissolved Solid, e khutsufalitsoeng e le DS) le lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng (Suspend Solid, e khutsufalitsoeng e le SS).Ho ea ka litšobotsi tse sa tsitsang tsa lintho tse tiileng ka metsing, lintho tse tiileng kaofela li ka aroloa ka lintho tse tiileng (VS) le tse tsitsitseng (FS, eo hape e bitsoang molora).Har'a tsona, lintho tse thata tse qhibilihisitsoeng (DS) le lintho tse emisitsoeng (SS) li ka aroloa hape ka lintho tse tiileng tse qhibilihisitsoeng, tse sa tsitsang tse qhibilihisitsoeng, tse emisitsoeng tse sa fetoheng, tse sa fetoheng tse emisitsoeng le matšoao a mang.
Nako ea poso: Sep-28-2023
